{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2024:RCEL5ZK6EPHIF6BLTCKZ6JK2AB","short_pith_number":"pith:RCEL5ZK6","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2403.06150","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"econ.GN","submitted_at":"2024-03-10T09:45:24Z","cross_cats_sorted":["q-fin.EC"],"title_canon_sha256":"3eb1bfb38f765c23432fc35b48d58deeecdc1a45f10995091ce2972727a5fc7e","abstract_canon_sha256":"198d12496fe79381ed0e05b38d0be7c0e1216de77515da98338e9fe43c388d35"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"8888bee55e23ce82f82b98959f255a0067829fb49a2087bcf4e08965704ca907","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2403.06150","version":3},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2403.06150","created_at":"2026-08-11T01:19:51Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2403.06150v3","created_at":"2026-08-11T01:19:51Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2403.06150","created_at":"2026-08-11T01:19:51Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"RCEL5ZK6EPHI","created_at":"2026-08-11T01:19:51Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"RCEL5ZK6EPHIF6BL","created_at":"2026-08-11T01:19:51Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"RCEL5ZK6","created_at":"2026-08-11T01:19:51Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2024:RCEL5ZK6EPHIF6BLTCKZ6JK2AB","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2403.06150","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"econ.GN","submitted_at":"2024-03-10T09:45:24Z","cross_cats_sorted":["q-fin.EC"],"title_canon_sha256":"3eb1bfb38f765c23432fc35b48d58deeecdc1a45f10995091ce2972727a5fc7e","abstract_canon_sha256":"198d12496fe79381ed0e05b38d0be7c0e1216de77515da98338e9fe43c388d35"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"8888bee55e23ce82f82b98959f255a0067829fb49a2087bcf4e08965704ca907","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-08-11T01:19:51.207175Z","signature_b64":"vU7EPg7hQv/pBBvOmbBu2+73D8sG26J94SH8pspB7kA5Cly+trRNZcxtPmuTyCTXdOaEvuxA3I8o9Aho1JRmCw==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"8888bee55e23ce82f82b98959f255a0067829fb49a2087bcf4e08965704ca907","last_reissued_at":"2026-08-11T01:19:51.204572Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-08-11T01:19:51.204572Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2403.06150","source_version":3,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-08-11T01:19:51Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"AsQJMpNTunhIe6jyH8gSDPMGYtJkVcEz4SKnflm2VEay1f7oQZC4qHs0CM+Z0jfV2D2S2PWbYlKrA4CNLBX4AQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-13T11:32:05.831665Z"},"content_sha256":"6511682554e5b4966715f3817764b4d663d6a87ef044c48bdef7586051e9c4f5","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:6511682554e5b4966715f3817764b4d663d6a87ef044c48bdef7586051e9c4f5"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2024:RCEL5ZK6EPHIF6BLTCKZ6JK2AB","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Artificial Intelligence, Data and Competition","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["q-fin.EC"],"primary_cat":"econ.GN","authors_text":"Mingsheng Zhang, Wei Zhao, Zhang Xu","submitted_at":"2024-03-10T09:45:24Z","abstract_excerpt":"This paper examines how data inputs shape competition among artificial intelligences (AIs) in pricing games. The dataset assigns labels to consumers and divides them into different market segments, thereby inducing multimarket contact among AIs. We document that AIs can adapt to tacit collusion via market allocation. Under symmetric segmentation, each algorithm monopolizes a subset of market segments with supra-competitive prices while competing intensely in the remaining market segments. Market segments with higher WTP are more likely to be assigned for collusion. Under asymmetric segmentatio"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2403.06150","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2403.06150/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-08-11T01:19:51Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"ZrjVf0ll1eO3Q8ixE+q69GjDdB8/NZSgrK/94cSiLnRYa1zDnKj4tvSWxfZdJO0sRDEwqpwFL7x1zx6Yi5/lCg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-13T11:32:05.832582Z"},"content_sha256":"9f0d34bbbe4ede60de656cb0c3b485110623b031f4ba94844764a684c0ca0fbd","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:9f0d34bbbe4ede60de656cb0c3b485110623b031f4ba94844764a684c0ca0fbd"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/RCEL5ZK6EPHIF6BLTCKZ6JK2AB/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/RCEL5ZK6EPHIF6BLTCKZ6JK2AB/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/RCEL5ZK6EPHIF6BLTCKZ6JK2AB/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-13T11:32:05Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/RCEL5ZK6EPHIF6BLTCKZ6JK2AB","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/RCEL5ZK6EPHIF6BLTCKZ6JK2AB/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/RCEL5ZK6EPHIF6BLTCKZ6JK2AB/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/RCEL5ZK6EPHIF6BLTCKZ6JK2AB/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2024:RCEL5ZK6EPHIF6BLTCKZ6JK2AB","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"198d12496fe79381ed0e05b38d0be7c0e1216de77515da98338e9fe43c388d35","cross_cats_sorted":["q-fin.EC"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"econ.GN","submitted_at":"2024-03-10T09:45:24Z","title_canon_sha256":"3eb1bfb38f765c23432fc35b48d58deeecdc1a45f10995091ce2972727a5fc7e"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2403.06150","kind":"arxiv","version":3}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2403.06150","created_at":"2026-08-11T01:19:51Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2403.06150v3","created_at":"2026-08-11T01:19:51Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2403.06150","created_at":"2026-08-11T01:19:51Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"RCEL5ZK6EPHI","created_at":"2026-08-11T01:19:51Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"RCEL5ZK6EPHIF6BL","created_at":"2026-08-11T01:19:51Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"RCEL5ZK6","created_at":"2026-08-11T01:19:51Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:9f0d34bbbe4ede60de656cb0c3b485110623b031f4ba94844764a684c0ca0fbd","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-08-11T01:19:51Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2403.06150/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"This paper examines how data inputs shape competition among artificial intelligences (AIs) in pricing games. The dataset assigns labels to consumers and divides them into different market segments, thereby inducing multimarket contact among AIs. We document that AIs can adapt to tacit collusion via market allocation. Under symmetric segmentation, each algorithm monopolizes a subset of market segments with supra-competitive prices while competing intensely in the remaining market segments. Market segments with higher WTP are more likely to be assigned for collusion. Under asymmetric segmentatio","authors_text":"Mingsheng Zhang, Wei Zhao, Zhang Xu","cross_cats":["q-fin.EC"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"econ.GN","submitted_at":"2024-03-10T09:45:24Z","title":"Artificial Intelligence, Data and Competition"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2403.06150","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:6511682554e5b4966715f3817764b4d663d6a87ef044c48bdef7586051e9c4f5","target":"record","created_at":"2026-08-11T01:19:51Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"198d12496fe79381ed0e05b38d0be7c0e1216de77515da98338e9fe43c388d35","cross_cats_sorted":["q-fin.EC"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"econ.GN","submitted_at":"2024-03-10T09:45:24Z","title_canon_sha256":"3eb1bfb38f765c23432fc35b48d58deeecdc1a45f10995091ce2972727a5fc7e"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2403.06150","kind":"arxiv","version":3}},"canonical_sha256":"8888bee55e23ce82f82b98959f255a0067829fb49a2087bcf4e08965704ca907","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"8888bee55e23ce82f82b98959f255a0067829fb49a2087bcf4e08965704ca907","first_computed_at":"2026-08-11T01:19:51.204572Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-08-11T01:19:51.204572Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"vU7EPg7hQv/pBBvOmbBu2+73D8sG26J94SH8pspB7kA5Cly+trRNZcxtPmuTyCTXdOaEvuxA3I8o9Aho1JRmCw==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-08-11T01:19:51.207175Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2403.06150","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":3}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:6511682554e5b4966715f3817764b4d663d6a87ef044c48bdef7586051e9c4f5","sha256:9f0d34bbbe4ede60de656cb0c3b485110623b031f4ba94844764a684c0ca0fbd"],"state_sha256":"025f971b93c4939657563c610e4f27a745c4e2cf1cd6255ba8c8b465885e6b99"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"/Fa5zOKEAL5PepLrWvtDgD0OF7kkDkWtUIXhu4GCl53btPb7PJuRm/4zhcvQqEpUw9ZTZOHVlTXZxvGYUpprAw==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-13T11:32:05.893885Z","bundle_sha256":"2ef482a3f71430ed14f70a3f36258bc13ea0e182c0d4a604c623c8ef72d186f6"}}