{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2021:RCJX3HMFGXVILXTCT4PWVVUY5V","short_pith_number":"pith:RCJX3HMF","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2110.02501","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2021-10-06T04:29:39Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"bef37c2849968d494a905472d411feb09f3d439537207f9941b75d5a95269e4b","abstract_canon_sha256":"331d460d6fb703d7a5dfffcf1613ab61f6d32079f3e67579f94c577d4928bd89"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"88937d9d8535ea85de629f1f6ad698ed64f8fe62825655dcdcc5431ee91a343d","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2110.02501","version":2},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2110.02501","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:27:07Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2110.02501v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:27:07Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2110.02501","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:27:07Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"RCJX3HMFGXVI","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:27:07Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"RCJX3HMFGXVILXTC","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:27:07Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"RCJX3HMF","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:27:07Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2021:RCJX3HMFGXVILXTCT4PWVVUY5V","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2110.02501","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2021-10-06T04:29:39Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"bef37c2849968d494a905472d411feb09f3d439537207f9941b75d5a95269e4b","abstract_canon_sha256":"331d460d6fb703d7a5dfffcf1613ab61f6d32079f3e67579f94c577d4928bd89"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"88937d9d8535ea85de629f1f6ad698ed64f8fe62825655dcdcc5431ee91a343d","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T04:27:07.990869Z","signature_b64":"vVR+tAppHyw/A/Cq7nZxS1WgHlzJRc6dUIJwFI+N5O7h1AJrREM89LvFCe/U5Cc9zzTaLxq5t5Nmsq6sTIzSCQ==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"88937d9d8535ea85de629f1f6ad698ed64f8fe62825655dcdcc5431ee91a343d","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T04:27:07.990437Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T04:27:07.990437Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2110.02501","source_version":2,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T04:27:07Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"zFCcxgGacwSFGnBC81DMqrAiSXvjqywgRAYoQPnw4SMV6YM4gB9J0TTX8NT933Jjf9uwaGuDD6VJEIx2xhl4BA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-05T03:16:07.172689Z"},"content_sha256":"66c6ec575bd11d6ff0378e180a05d99c99bf88d5189376956701d6d4ed8d4027","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:66c6ec575bd11d6ff0378e180a05d99c99bf88d5189376956701d6d4ed8d4027"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2021:RCJX3HMFGXVILXTCT4PWVVUY5V","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"On the Surrogate Gap between Contrastive and Supervised Losses","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"cs.LG","authors_text":"Han Bao, Kento Nozawa, Yoshihiro Nagano","submitted_at":"2021-10-06T04:29:39Z","abstract_excerpt":"Contrastive representation learning encourages data representation to make semantically similar pairs closer than randomly drawn negative samples, which has been successful in various domains such as vision, language, and graphs. Recent theoretical studies have attempted to explain the benefit of the large negative sample size by upper-bounding the downstream classification loss with the contrastive loss. However, the previous surrogate bounds have two drawbacks: they are only legitimate for a limited range of negative sample sizes and prohibitively large even within that range. Due to these d"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2110.02501","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2110.02501/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T04:27:07Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"bsI5BE9u4VbcW3G1L2ipCndW3Ce9JJYGOomBluRoqopVbT21f3v+Nn2oOZPT/6sweSu0Dn3vTBUd9itW6T4BCA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-05T03:16:07.173199Z"},"content_sha256":"2d001e8eb4d858f82b96ebc0ac59a91203af134768d56f5dbdd33e0359db2915","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:2d001e8eb4d858f82b96ebc0ac59a91203af134768d56f5dbdd33e0359db2915"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/RCJX3HMFGXVILXTCT4PWVVUY5V/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/RCJX3HMFGXVILXTCT4PWVVUY5V/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/RCJX3HMFGXVILXTCT4PWVVUY5V/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-05T03:16:07Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/RCJX3HMFGXVILXTCT4PWVVUY5V","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/RCJX3HMFGXVILXTCT4PWVVUY5V/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/RCJX3HMFGXVILXTCT4PWVVUY5V/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/RCJX3HMFGXVILXTCT4PWVVUY5V/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2021:RCJX3HMFGXVILXTCT4PWVVUY5V","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"331d460d6fb703d7a5dfffcf1613ab61f6d32079f3e67579f94c577d4928bd89","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2021-10-06T04:29:39Z","title_canon_sha256":"bef37c2849968d494a905472d411feb09f3d439537207f9941b75d5a95269e4b"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2110.02501","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2110.02501","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:27:07Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2110.02501v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:27:07Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2110.02501","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:27:07Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"RCJX3HMFGXVI","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:27:07Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"RCJX3HMFGXVILXTC","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:27:07Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"RCJX3HMF","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:27:07Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:2d001e8eb4d858f82b96ebc0ac59a91203af134768d56f5dbdd33e0359db2915","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:27:07Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2110.02501/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Contrastive representation learning encourages data representation to make semantically similar pairs closer than randomly drawn negative samples, which has been successful in various domains such as vision, language, and graphs. Recent theoretical studies have attempted to explain the benefit of the large negative sample size by upper-bounding the downstream classification loss with the contrastive loss. However, the previous surrogate bounds have two drawbacks: they are only legitimate for a limited range of negative sample sizes and prohibitively large even within that range. Due to these d","authors_text":"Han Bao, Kento Nozawa, Yoshihiro Nagano","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2021-10-06T04:29:39Z","title":"On the Surrogate Gap between Contrastive and Supervised Losses"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2110.02501","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:66c6ec575bd11d6ff0378e180a05d99c99bf88d5189376956701d6d4ed8d4027","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:27:07Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"331d460d6fb703d7a5dfffcf1613ab61f6d32079f3e67579f94c577d4928bd89","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2021-10-06T04:29:39Z","title_canon_sha256":"bef37c2849968d494a905472d411feb09f3d439537207f9941b75d5a95269e4b"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2110.02501","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"canonical_sha256":"88937d9d8535ea85de629f1f6ad698ed64f8fe62825655dcdcc5431ee91a343d","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"88937d9d8535ea85de629f1f6ad698ed64f8fe62825655dcdcc5431ee91a343d","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T04:27:07.990437Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T04:27:07.990437Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"vVR+tAppHyw/A/Cq7nZxS1WgHlzJRc6dUIJwFI+N5O7h1AJrREM89LvFCe/U5Cc9zzTaLxq5t5Nmsq6sTIzSCQ==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T04:27:07.990869Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2110.02501","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":2}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:66c6ec575bd11d6ff0378e180a05d99c99bf88d5189376956701d6d4ed8d4027","sha256:2d001e8eb4d858f82b96ebc0ac59a91203af134768d56f5dbdd33e0359db2915"],"state_sha256":"94a44a042e781e607d07534edafd2906c8de49a9bf058a0b63d39d3b0f80ac2e"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"KyZ93qqtVASrQIJhu0GlS12opNFfiMWFKur0/SZGSTTQOET1bv7tYOB/TizSor+gQV1fIf+Jw6AnMG/NIB8oDA==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-05T03:16:07.176802Z","bundle_sha256":"b5cdb82ab7330c6141840732a75bae99a26e40e49a124f8fa4b8ddc61932b000"}}