{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2022:RF3WTERZ7TFF3ZKJY52KLV4EB3","short_pith_number":"pith:RF3WTERZ","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2209.12343","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CV","submitted_at":"2022-09-25T22:56:04Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.LG"],"title_canon_sha256":"2d4ae69f4096b617d85351ee516c1e478753a5753dacd04650a1265a43664fd0","abstract_canon_sha256":"a0514e93929250476c8c357c1cfd24a40ffc4db6ade44e3de26a2c0466e05174"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"8977699239fcca5de549c774a5d7840efa7b5eb4b61805bf0981578b4a4f72fc","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2209.12343","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2209.12343","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:00:51Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2209.12343v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:00:51Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2209.12343","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:00:51Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"RF3WTERZ7TFF","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:00:51Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"RF3WTERZ7TFF3ZKJ","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:00:51Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"RF3WTERZ","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:00:51Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2022:RF3WTERZ7TFF3ZKJY52KLV4EB3","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2209.12343","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CV","submitted_at":"2022-09-25T22:56:04Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.LG"],"title_canon_sha256":"2d4ae69f4096b617d85351ee516c1e478753a5753dacd04650a1265a43664fd0","abstract_canon_sha256":"a0514e93929250476c8c357c1cfd24a40ffc4db6ade44e3de26a2c0466e05174"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"8977699239fcca5de549c774a5d7840efa7b5eb4b61805bf0981578b4a4f72fc","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T05:00:51.406871Z","signature_b64":"tRUDDtDIpYWNGoTZW4IqAhun6KZqvlvqJ+dDqZ5sUYif9OCMCIKOPKQRsKbgdUanRymAj9MmkYU1GNQHLdZaDg==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"8977699239fcca5de549c774a5d7840efa7b5eb4b61805bf0981578b4a4f72fc","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T05:00:51.406425Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T05:00:51.406425Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2209.12343","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T05:00:51Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"StVxC5+DpYV4dv9TtmS53yEzqUdlqOpRlzj5uKIBp/oFh/mUhOLl34t0hWoG2ku/bMluoBpYp384GHS0xmQ/Cg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-07T05:15:50.988674Z"},"content_sha256":"d867b52ae9ba444bbfb901362e19178de9bf803bd3860c51492b463bcfb45601","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:d867b52ae9ba444bbfb901362e19178de9bf803bd3860c51492b463bcfb45601"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2022:RF3WTERZ7TFF3ZKJY52KLV4EB3","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Paraphrasing Is All You Need for Novel Object Captioning","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.LG"],"primary_cat":"cs.CV","authors_text":"Cheng-Fu Yang, Louis-Philippe Morency, Ruslan Salakhutdinov, Wan-Cyuan Fan, Yao-Hung Hubert Tsai, Yu-Chiang Frank Wang","submitted_at":"2022-09-25T22:56:04Z","abstract_excerpt":"Novel object captioning (NOC) aims to describe images containing objects without observing their ground truth captions during training. Due to the absence of caption annotation, captioning models cannot be directly optimized via sequence-to-sequence training or CIDEr optimization. As a result, we present Paraphrasing-to-Captioning (P2C), a two-stage learning framework for NOC, which would heuristically optimize the output captions via paraphrasing. With P2C, the captioning model first learns paraphrasing from a language model pre-trained on text-only corpus, allowing expansion of the word bank"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2209.12343","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2209.12343/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T05:00:51Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"30JED59ZeMeOSTWyrqf521VBqRI3DPlM85YdkAEe04w4dvBxfOAt87/ehx+x5Kt76xwmfrMptbTjzXc/5EpICA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-07T05:15:50.989302Z"},"content_sha256":"7024a3ef5da4de1c2141fe450228f1ff96571450332c0602f56cbbf45be60fba","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:7024a3ef5da4de1c2141fe450228f1ff96571450332c0602f56cbbf45be60fba"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/RF3WTERZ7TFF3ZKJY52KLV4EB3/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/RF3WTERZ7TFF3ZKJY52KLV4EB3/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/RF3WTERZ7TFF3ZKJY52KLV4EB3/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-07-07T05:15:50Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/RF3WTERZ7TFF3ZKJY52KLV4EB3","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/RF3WTERZ7TFF3ZKJY52KLV4EB3/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/RF3WTERZ7TFF3ZKJY52KLV4EB3/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/RF3WTERZ7TFF3ZKJY52KLV4EB3/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2022:RF3WTERZ7TFF3ZKJY52KLV4EB3","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"a0514e93929250476c8c357c1cfd24a40ffc4db6ade44e3de26a2c0466e05174","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.LG"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CV","submitted_at":"2022-09-25T22:56:04Z","title_canon_sha256":"2d4ae69f4096b617d85351ee516c1e478753a5753dacd04650a1265a43664fd0"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2209.12343","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2209.12343","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:00:51Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2209.12343v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:00:51Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2209.12343","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:00:51Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"RF3WTERZ7TFF","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:00:51Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"RF3WTERZ7TFF3ZKJ","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:00:51Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"RF3WTERZ","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:00:51Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:7024a3ef5da4de1c2141fe450228f1ff96571450332c0602f56cbbf45be60fba","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:00:51Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2209.12343/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Novel object captioning (NOC) aims to describe images containing objects without observing their ground truth captions during training. Due to the absence of caption annotation, captioning models cannot be directly optimized via sequence-to-sequence training or CIDEr optimization. As a result, we present Paraphrasing-to-Captioning (P2C), a two-stage learning framework for NOC, which would heuristically optimize the output captions via paraphrasing. With P2C, the captioning model first learns paraphrasing from a language model pre-trained on text-only corpus, allowing expansion of the word bank","authors_text":"Cheng-Fu Yang, Louis-Philippe Morency, Ruslan Salakhutdinov, Wan-Cyuan Fan, Yao-Hung Hubert Tsai, Yu-Chiang Frank Wang","cross_cats":["cs.LG"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CV","submitted_at":"2022-09-25T22:56:04Z","title":"Paraphrasing Is All You Need for Novel Object Captioning"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2209.12343","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:d867b52ae9ba444bbfb901362e19178de9bf803bd3860c51492b463bcfb45601","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:00:51Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"a0514e93929250476c8c357c1cfd24a40ffc4db6ade44e3de26a2c0466e05174","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.LG"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CV","submitted_at":"2022-09-25T22:56:04Z","title_canon_sha256":"2d4ae69f4096b617d85351ee516c1e478753a5753dacd04650a1265a43664fd0"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2209.12343","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"8977699239fcca5de549c774a5d7840efa7b5eb4b61805bf0981578b4a4f72fc","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"8977699239fcca5de549c774a5d7840efa7b5eb4b61805bf0981578b4a4f72fc","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T05:00:51.406425Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T05:00:51.406425Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"tRUDDtDIpYWNGoTZW4IqAhun6KZqvlvqJ+dDqZ5sUYif9OCMCIKOPKQRsKbgdUanRymAj9MmkYU1GNQHLdZaDg==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T05:00:51.406871Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2209.12343","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:d867b52ae9ba444bbfb901362e19178de9bf803bd3860c51492b463bcfb45601","sha256:7024a3ef5da4de1c2141fe450228f1ff96571450332c0602f56cbbf45be60fba"],"state_sha256":"9b52c7c385e55f7f4dae86ee4e911ebc3d12f533f4ed50591adedc9eec9f1cab"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"cdn1IJF3/tcfHBzdYYH6vNzHn+PrKlMf/xGGusvqFQQdzv/Uz6k1tltOwDiyc4GTYi9tAndgIPoeI3d132g+BQ==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-07T05:15:50.991976Z","bundle_sha256":"7c0f8892ccb79ac7abbc09bfd009c30e7c352462492d2a43957275c07e7671fb"}}