{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2019:RHPE4CMO6JH3DENM55AEVBHQZY","short_pith_number":"pith:RHPE4CMO","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1901.02423","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.ed-ph","submitted_at":"2019-01-08T17:57:01Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"e4c5de7a028af570dae2545ec44807022bbda6e01ca85c4df9c02a1723957193","abstract_canon_sha256":"6efe78fd9c197e54c90017333fef563bbdb4b6033111b3222f524ed6a8ca4bbf"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"89de4e098ef24fb191acef404a84f0ce03f172e55193c6e58ceb08324af05d5f","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1901.02423","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1901.02423","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:41:30Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1901.02423v1","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:41:30Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1901.02423","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:41:30Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"RHPE4CMO6JH3","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:27Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"RHPE4CMO6JH3DENM","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:27Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"RHPE4CMO","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:27Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2019:RHPE4CMO6JH3DENM55AEVBHQZY","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1901.02423","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.ed-ph","submitted_at":"2019-01-08T17:57:01Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"e4c5de7a028af570dae2545ec44807022bbda6e01ca85c4df9c02a1723957193","abstract_canon_sha256":"6efe78fd9c197e54c90017333fef563bbdb4b6033111b3222f524ed6a8ca4bbf"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"89de4e098ef24fb191acef404a84f0ce03f172e55193c6e58ceb08324af05d5f","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-17T23:41:30.712938Z","signature_b64":"RI1DHTKPT0AsiOtBeMYA9GBTGdoOVJ5JEGTREM6cWTPqmLsEeCIaxaJnTkV9iQ6EoiOVDusMt4Uw+WCz9lTQDA==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"89de4e098ef24fb191acef404a84f0ce03f172e55193c6e58ceb08324af05d5f","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-17T23:41:30.712284Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-17T23:41:30.712284Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1901.02423","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-17T23:41:30Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"xjaO2TkceNe+gJxzlyEGZIT1Bofpuf+Oa6aj2qErGXQtcCbAywN9UO0IZXFqRU6aCgq/jRrE/nC98khGA7yCDg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-08T17:07:14.871500Z"},"content_sha256":"239ac10f5e38d973ceb8df2bfb8334d7e5e80fcc24466c46d76f056542dc9f83","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:239ac10f5e38d973ceb8df2bfb8334d7e5e80fcc24466c46d76f056542dc9f83"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2019:RHPE4CMO6JH3DENM55AEVBHQZY","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Using think-aloud interviews to characterize model-based reasoning in electronics for a laboratory course assessment","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"physics.ed-ph","authors_text":"Benjamin Pollard, Dimitri R. Dounas-Frazer, H. J. Lewandowski, Laura R\\'ios","submitted_at":"2019-01-08T17:57:01Z","abstract_excerpt":"Models of physical systems are used to explain and predict experimental results and observations. The Modeling Framework for Experimental Physics describes the process by which physicists revise their models to account for the newly acquired observations, or change their apparatus to better represent their models when they encounter discrepancies between actual and expected behavior of a system. While modeling is a nationally recognized learning outcome for undergraduate physics lab courses, no assessments of students' model-based reasoning exist for upper-division labs. As part of a larger ef"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1901.02423","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-17T23:41:30Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"9YKeU0r5fcjravII+K3dPJJjadnTySdYfdxznlvgr7mMgweLQHxFaDA7Jejr8IlujraVmQPm1kGKTaQ4IJyWDw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-08T17:07:14.872554Z"},"content_sha256":"dd4278cddf168f81a5d0de021766952d451e481dc4bf4a0d73e4f45446dd628c","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:dd4278cddf168f81a5d0de021766952d451e481dc4bf4a0d73e4f45446dd628c"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/RHPE4CMO6JH3DENM55AEVBHQZY/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/RHPE4CMO6JH3DENM55AEVBHQZY/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/RHPE4CMO6JH3DENM55AEVBHQZY/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-06-08T17:07:14Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/RHPE4CMO6JH3DENM55AEVBHQZY","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/RHPE4CMO6JH3DENM55AEVBHQZY/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/RHPE4CMO6JH3DENM55AEVBHQZY/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/RHPE4CMO6JH3DENM55AEVBHQZY/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2019:RHPE4CMO6JH3DENM55AEVBHQZY","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"6efe78fd9c197e54c90017333fef563bbdb4b6033111b3222f524ed6a8ca4bbf","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.ed-ph","submitted_at":"2019-01-08T17:57:01Z","title_canon_sha256":"e4c5de7a028af570dae2545ec44807022bbda6e01ca85c4df9c02a1723957193"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1901.02423","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1901.02423","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:41:30Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1901.02423v1","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:41:30Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1901.02423","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:41:30Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"RHPE4CMO6JH3","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:27Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"RHPE4CMO6JH3DENM","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:27Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"RHPE4CMO","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:27Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:dd4278cddf168f81a5d0de021766952d451e481dc4bf4a0d73e4f45446dd628c","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:41:30Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Models of physical systems are used to explain and predict experimental results and observations. The Modeling Framework for Experimental Physics describes the process by which physicists revise their models to account for the newly acquired observations, or change their apparatus to better represent their models when they encounter discrepancies between actual and expected behavior of a system. While modeling is a nationally recognized learning outcome for undergraduate physics lab courses, no assessments of students' model-based reasoning exist for upper-division labs. As part of a larger ef","authors_text":"Benjamin Pollard, Dimitri R. Dounas-Frazer, H. J. Lewandowski, Laura R\\'ios","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.ed-ph","submitted_at":"2019-01-08T17:57:01Z","title":"Using think-aloud interviews to characterize model-based reasoning in electronics for a laboratory course assessment"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1901.02423","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:239ac10f5e38d973ceb8df2bfb8334d7e5e80fcc24466c46d76f056542dc9f83","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:41:30Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"6efe78fd9c197e54c90017333fef563bbdb4b6033111b3222f524ed6a8ca4bbf","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.ed-ph","submitted_at":"2019-01-08T17:57:01Z","title_canon_sha256":"e4c5de7a028af570dae2545ec44807022bbda6e01ca85c4df9c02a1723957193"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1901.02423","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"89de4e098ef24fb191acef404a84f0ce03f172e55193c6e58ceb08324af05d5f","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"89de4e098ef24fb191acef404a84f0ce03f172e55193c6e58ceb08324af05d5f","first_computed_at":"2026-05-17T23:41:30.712284Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-17T23:41:30.712284Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"RI1DHTKPT0AsiOtBeMYA9GBTGdoOVJ5JEGTREM6cWTPqmLsEeCIaxaJnTkV9iQ6EoiOVDusMt4Uw+WCz9lTQDA==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-17T23:41:30.712938Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1901.02423","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:239ac10f5e38d973ceb8df2bfb8334d7e5e80fcc24466c46d76f056542dc9f83","sha256:dd4278cddf168f81a5d0de021766952d451e481dc4bf4a0d73e4f45446dd628c"],"state_sha256":"4f0f2666432ea6b00eb03c7c1b81e2284df086196a68078029bc2ed93a97d946"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"cawd9ObKrR7GjyyImYYcpSMDth8d82D+W148ZMa42n3J3emmWfB0yjV9j3Rh8hwmE/gIte9arJTrp99u+bBrAw==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-08T17:07:14.877086Z","bundle_sha256":"77ce7f87f75d9c8d59f901e73fa22d3673480f0a050d959b314e1833893cd9dc"}}