{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2023:RIOFC5YCNUQFVWP4ZIXZVXDCLN","short_pith_number":"pith:RIOFC5YC","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2310.14540","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2023-10-23T03:44:40Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI"],"title_canon_sha256":"709a132563b05f55d3ba7ab5a1c1712633b020af6f2b0276529b3bf0636f9693","abstract_canon_sha256":"90c0f925beb7fc1eabe9155723c4c04b2e2259da810ae26198238d56ed2fac2d"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"8a1c5177026d205ad9fcca2f9adc625b5e01de8a7b5eb9639d13e134f0c9e03d","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2310.14540","version":3},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2310.14540","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:07:30Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2310.14540v3","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:07:30Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2310.14540","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:07:30Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"RIOFC5YCNUQF","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:07:30Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"RIOFC5YCNUQFVWP4","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:07:30Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"RIOFC5YC","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:07:30Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2023:RIOFC5YCNUQFVWP4ZIXZVXDCLN","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2310.14540","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2023-10-23T03:44:40Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI"],"title_canon_sha256":"709a132563b05f55d3ba7ab5a1c1712633b020af6f2b0276529b3bf0636f9693","abstract_canon_sha256":"90c0f925beb7fc1eabe9155723c4c04b2e2259da810ae26198238d56ed2fac2d"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"8a1c5177026d205ad9fcca2f9adc625b5e01de8a7b5eb9639d13e134f0c9e03d","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T08:07:30.327476Z","signature_b64":"x/Fiz7Sozxy+N3ZQg/0yuNBYxnR2cHCn67GGggMTMv6phAFjjk/9wNS9/boGy674lUMQTvenU+lMkJjX8Sv/AA==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"8a1c5177026d205ad9fcca2f9adc625b5e01de8a7b5eb9639d13e134f0c9e03d","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T08:07:30.326935Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T08:07:30.326935Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2310.14540","source_version":3,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T08:07:30Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"22CZuXeJ3LcQ4jH7V/Oo0c6eThobZ+MVgcU6PrNGkB67UD+r9vwxNhbkwq5XFO1Kl2FFx2mUwKaaQChlV19OCw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-03T15:42:00.822241Z"},"content_sha256":"adbe9d0d4a767bb3ef204b83dcb0fba3627dfdaca7419935b528fd59810be733","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:adbe9d0d4a767bb3ef204b83dcb0fba3627dfdaca7419935b528fd59810be733"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2023:RIOFC5YCNUQFVWP4ZIXZVXDCLN","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Evaluating Spatial Understanding of Large Language Models","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.AI"],"primary_cat":"cs.CL","authors_text":"Andrew K. Lampinen, Ilker Yildirim, Jungo Kasai, Yihan Bao, Yutaro Yamada","submitted_at":"2023-10-23T03:44:40Z","abstract_excerpt":"Large language models (LLMs) show remarkable capabilities across a variety of tasks. Despite the models only seeing text in training, several recent studies suggest that LLM representations implicitly capture aspects of the underlying grounded concepts. Here, we explore LLM representations of a particularly salient kind of grounded knowledge -- spatial relationships. We design natural-language navigation tasks and evaluate the ability of LLMs, in particular GPT-3.5-turbo, GPT-4, and Llama2 series models, to represent and reason about spatial structures. These tasks reveal substantial variabili"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2310.14540","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2310.14540/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T08:07:30Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"Q3krBEm0Qo4tsFelQwwEzb4n+gDGcFgkfyXgLf8MsCg18cQdVl3V5Fl6acXWoFt27aGVKvbUa7FsFimYJiLWDQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-03T15:42:00.822751Z"},"content_sha256":"fbc3009823ff4cbffc73b8123f970f32734747c542d60c50663d66b1c723bb61","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:fbc3009823ff4cbffc73b8123f970f32734747c542d60c50663d66b1c723bb61"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/RIOFC5YCNUQFVWP4ZIXZVXDCLN/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/RIOFC5YCNUQFVWP4ZIXZVXDCLN/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/RIOFC5YCNUQFVWP4ZIXZVXDCLN/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-03T15:42:00Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/RIOFC5YCNUQFVWP4ZIXZVXDCLN","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/RIOFC5YCNUQFVWP4ZIXZVXDCLN/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/RIOFC5YCNUQFVWP4ZIXZVXDCLN/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/RIOFC5YCNUQFVWP4ZIXZVXDCLN/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2023:RIOFC5YCNUQFVWP4ZIXZVXDCLN","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"90c0f925beb7fc1eabe9155723c4c04b2e2259da810ae26198238d56ed2fac2d","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2023-10-23T03:44:40Z","title_canon_sha256":"709a132563b05f55d3ba7ab5a1c1712633b020af6f2b0276529b3bf0636f9693"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2310.14540","kind":"arxiv","version":3}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2310.14540","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:07:30Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2310.14540v3","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:07:30Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2310.14540","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:07:30Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"RIOFC5YCNUQF","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:07:30Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"RIOFC5YCNUQFVWP4","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:07:30Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"RIOFC5YC","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:07:30Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:fbc3009823ff4cbffc73b8123f970f32734747c542d60c50663d66b1c723bb61","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:07:30Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2310.14540/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Large language models (LLMs) show remarkable capabilities across a variety of tasks. Despite the models only seeing text in training, several recent studies suggest that LLM representations implicitly capture aspects of the underlying grounded concepts. Here, we explore LLM representations of a particularly salient kind of grounded knowledge -- spatial relationships. We design natural-language navigation tasks and evaluate the ability of LLMs, in particular GPT-3.5-turbo, GPT-4, and Llama2 series models, to represent and reason about spatial structures. These tasks reveal substantial variabili","authors_text":"Andrew K. Lampinen, Ilker Yildirim, Jungo Kasai, Yihan Bao, Yutaro Yamada","cross_cats":["cs.AI"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2023-10-23T03:44:40Z","title":"Evaluating Spatial Understanding of Large Language Models"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2310.14540","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:adbe9d0d4a767bb3ef204b83dcb0fba3627dfdaca7419935b528fd59810be733","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:07:30Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"90c0f925beb7fc1eabe9155723c4c04b2e2259da810ae26198238d56ed2fac2d","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2023-10-23T03:44:40Z","title_canon_sha256":"709a132563b05f55d3ba7ab5a1c1712633b020af6f2b0276529b3bf0636f9693"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2310.14540","kind":"arxiv","version":3}},"canonical_sha256":"8a1c5177026d205ad9fcca2f9adc625b5e01de8a7b5eb9639d13e134f0c9e03d","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"8a1c5177026d205ad9fcca2f9adc625b5e01de8a7b5eb9639d13e134f0c9e03d","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T08:07:30.326935Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T08:07:30.326935Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"x/Fiz7Sozxy+N3ZQg/0yuNBYxnR2cHCn67GGggMTMv6phAFjjk/9wNS9/boGy674lUMQTvenU+lMkJjX8Sv/AA==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T08:07:30.327476Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2310.14540","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":3}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:adbe9d0d4a767bb3ef204b83dcb0fba3627dfdaca7419935b528fd59810be733","sha256:fbc3009823ff4cbffc73b8123f970f32734747c542d60c50663d66b1c723bb61"],"state_sha256":"c0bf555e2a91235a67fe46ab23749ebb51a0badbcfafacbec03569b62a0dfd86"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"eM02NZHRzJIPX9dkhSRoFQ498OXiO/+Iw0U+RGvp2R3qB8FS1vUNqEHt34urkaKO/2AYaopaZBztpxCJViuFCQ==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-03T15:42:00.826637Z","bundle_sha256":"cacbae023ceef80ec20aa727651ff68e40aec7acefc73553b78d62a41160b020"}}