{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2018:RJUZ4BINXKXCT3X3XSBWKRH6O6","short_pith_number":"pith:RJUZ4BIN","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1807.09586","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.SI","submitted_at":"2018-07-13T13:43:15Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.LG","stat.ML"],"title_canon_sha256":"ccddebe0d9e3eb8fb9f4971c6ff5d17ea5aa80c3cab16cfd5cf110b0c232cec7","abstract_canon_sha256":"3795a18d57156236e5c09d6b1ff54508b7539577c96aded03e7bed057afe1bbd"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"8a699e050dbaae29eefbbc836544fe77abca6c015ea4aded461f3981987e71e2","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1807.09586","version":3},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1807.09586","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:41:01Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1807.09586v3","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:41:01Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1807.09586","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:41:01Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"RJUZ4BINXKXC","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:50Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"RJUZ4BINXKXCT3X3","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:50Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"RJUZ4BIN","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:50Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2018:RJUZ4BINXKXCT3X3XSBWKRH6O6","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1807.09586","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.SI","submitted_at":"2018-07-13T13:43:15Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.LG","stat.ML"],"title_canon_sha256":"ccddebe0d9e3eb8fb9f4971c6ff5d17ea5aa80c3cab16cfd5cf110b0c232cec7","abstract_canon_sha256":"3795a18d57156236e5c09d6b1ff54508b7539577c96aded03e7bed057afe1bbd"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"8a699e050dbaae29eefbbc836544fe77abca6c015ea4aded461f3981987e71e2","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-17T23:41:01.222220Z","signature_b64":"3rUwwoBSpEQNBk8O+3HaETGgkKKKLgYccP5UttcyAohUkbqacvCV325ZZ/w5RMB1ttCVU7cPQEOcRdvvuzVZAA==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"8a699e050dbaae29eefbbc836544fe77abca6c015ea4aded461f3981987e71e2","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-17T23:41:01.221604Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-17T23:41:01.221604Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1807.09586","source_version":3,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-17T23:41:01Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"ZVOCWhw7+Rk84TythrXm67h/XBelwXj+c2HPQzTRxbYGsbOo+9XUelDcV8wo0BV3v1O7VbBM8J6oRkmETkmmAQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-02T16:44:22.725630Z"},"content_sha256":"1122e88faf5b0e7f5d363f99d18ba67dd7fd86f9712c808cb1fa06c4efd839df","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:1122e88faf5b0e7f5d363f99d18ba67dd7fd86f9712c808cb1fa06c4efd839df"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2018:RJUZ4BINXKXCT3X3XSBWKRH6O6","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Perturb and Combine to Identify Influential Spreaders in Real-World Networks","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.LG","stat.ML"],"primary_cat":"cs.SI","authors_text":"Antoine J.-P. Tixier, Fragkiskos D. Malliaros, Jesse Read, Maria-Evgenia G. Rossi, Michalis Vazirgiannis","submitted_at":"2018-07-13T13:43:15Z","abstract_excerpt":"Some of the most effective influential spreader detection algorithms are unstable to small perturbations of the network structure. Inspired by bagging in Machine Learning, we propose the first Perturb and Combine (P&C) procedure for networks. It (1) creates many perturbed versions of a given graph, (2) applies a node scoring function separately to each graph, and (3) combines the results. Experiments conducted on real-world networks of various sizes with the k-core, generalized k-core, and PageRank algorithms reveal that P&C brings substantial improvements. Moreover, this performance boost can"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1807.09586","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-17T23:41:01Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"sxu2m1ao6Bn4jXVktbHINavaJ+9i3W3paGrpWzCQOGrreBba08NxUAZ+RAdf5Spb7F/IJCiDjSYLORqAoKq3BA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-02T16:44:22.725992Z"},"content_sha256":"d83addcba3398302bec313d890f85f3826fce17a5d89fbc29059430c0bc60a94","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:d83addcba3398302bec313d890f85f3826fce17a5d89fbc29059430c0bc60a94"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/RJUZ4BINXKXCT3X3XSBWKRH6O6/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/RJUZ4BINXKXCT3X3XSBWKRH6O6/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/RJUZ4BINXKXCT3X3XSBWKRH6O6/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-06-02T16:44:22Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/RJUZ4BINXKXCT3X3XSBWKRH6O6","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/RJUZ4BINXKXCT3X3XSBWKRH6O6/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/RJUZ4BINXKXCT3X3XSBWKRH6O6/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/RJUZ4BINXKXCT3X3XSBWKRH6O6/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2018:RJUZ4BINXKXCT3X3XSBWKRH6O6","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"3795a18d57156236e5c09d6b1ff54508b7539577c96aded03e7bed057afe1bbd","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.LG","stat.ML"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.SI","submitted_at":"2018-07-13T13:43:15Z","title_canon_sha256":"ccddebe0d9e3eb8fb9f4971c6ff5d17ea5aa80c3cab16cfd5cf110b0c232cec7"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1807.09586","kind":"arxiv","version":3}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1807.09586","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:41:01Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1807.09586v3","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:41:01Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1807.09586","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:41:01Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"RJUZ4BINXKXC","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:50Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"RJUZ4BINXKXCT3X3","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:50Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"RJUZ4BIN","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:50Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:d83addcba3398302bec313d890f85f3826fce17a5d89fbc29059430c0bc60a94","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:41:01Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Some of the most effective influential spreader detection algorithms are unstable to small perturbations of the network structure. Inspired by bagging in Machine Learning, we propose the first Perturb and Combine (P&C) procedure for networks. It (1) creates many perturbed versions of a given graph, (2) applies a node scoring function separately to each graph, and (3) combines the results. Experiments conducted on real-world networks of various sizes with the k-core, generalized k-core, and PageRank algorithms reveal that P&C brings substantial improvements. Moreover, this performance boost can","authors_text":"Antoine J.-P. Tixier, Fragkiskos D. Malliaros, Jesse Read, Maria-Evgenia G. Rossi, Michalis Vazirgiannis","cross_cats":["cs.LG","stat.ML"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.SI","submitted_at":"2018-07-13T13:43:15Z","title":"Perturb and Combine to Identify Influential Spreaders in Real-World Networks"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1807.09586","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:1122e88faf5b0e7f5d363f99d18ba67dd7fd86f9712c808cb1fa06c4efd839df","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:41:01Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"3795a18d57156236e5c09d6b1ff54508b7539577c96aded03e7bed057afe1bbd","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.LG","stat.ML"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.SI","submitted_at":"2018-07-13T13:43:15Z","title_canon_sha256":"ccddebe0d9e3eb8fb9f4971c6ff5d17ea5aa80c3cab16cfd5cf110b0c232cec7"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1807.09586","kind":"arxiv","version":3}},"canonical_sha256":"8a699e050dbaae29eefbbc836544fe77abca6c015ea4aded461f3981987e71e2","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"8a699e050dbaae29eefbbc836544fe77abca6c015ea4aded461f3981987e71e2","first_computed_at":"2026-05-17T23:41:01.221604Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-17T23:41:01.221604Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"3rUwwoBSpEQNBk8O+3HaETGgkKKKLgYccP5UttcyAohUkbqacvCV325ZZ/w5RMB1ttCVU7cPQEOcRdvvuzVZAA==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-17T23:41:01.222220Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1807.09586","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":3}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:1122e88faf5b0e7f5d363f99d18ba67dd7fd86f9712c808cb1fa06c4efd839df","sha256:d83addcba3398302bec313d890f85f3826fce17a5d89fbc29059430c0bc60a94"],"state_sha256":"0e1919fe85eb9017f2e46fb5e7ead0dce735a3e23bec663a8bf76e1694a98579"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"rBoATUeAohly9RrZXSely37BM2Q5eP67EB1w3LkatuB1Ip3AOQr6v+w583J0PlvwXbSY8qIjqe5R6el/95a4Aw==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-02T16:44:22.728083Z","bundle_sha256":"bb1cf629e89fe3197384a85f4481745f71df8074cec7bb7f8c0e39292ec14531"}}