{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2014:RNUWLOCMHDE5UVZGRLHANSWRU6","short_pith_number":"pith:RNUWLOCM","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1406.6618","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ML","submitted_at":"2014-06-25T15:48:41Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.LG"],"title_canon_sha256":"c4cd980f41b7d1c7ea59b8983a2e403c7527c05750f8102eb46e2a7e1f04a2b7","abstract_canon_sha256":"ec13874691818ccc8d807c4672ea8b701f30920a23e39f16e8e3c9d1161d7346"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"8b6965b84c38c9da57268ace06cad1a799730ec8114cf9e547474f705f94ca6d","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1406.6618","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1406.6618","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:49:02Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1406.6618v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:49:02Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1406.6618","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:49:02Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"RNUWLOCMHDE5","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:46Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"RNUWLOCMHDE5UVZG","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:46Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"RNUWLOCM","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:46Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2014:RNUWLOCMHDE5UVZGRLHANSWRU6","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1406.6618","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ML","submitted_at":"2014-06-25T15:48:41Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.LG"],"title_canon_sha256":"c4cd980f41b7d1c7ea59b8983a2e403c7527c05750f8102eb46e2a7e1f04a2b7","abstract_canon_sha256":"ec13874691818ccc8d807c4672ea8b701f30920a23e39f16e8e3c9d1161d7346"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"8b6965b84c38c9da57268ace06cad1a799730ec8114cf9e547474f705f94ca6d","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T02:49:02.305119Z","signature_b64":"DoljzyAXeAUPLUltTj+8lzLJM+A2fMTgXVaUPUJA/Cis3sfwhUoZwiu9YIiu47S6SxL5j1ZmWUr/bE10yNv7Dg==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"8b6965b84c38c9da57268ace06cad1a799730ec8114cf9e547474f705f94ca6d","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T02:49:02.304717Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T02:49:02.304717Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1406.6618","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T02:49:02Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"7/RsMD4WMCnEvWKoM3qZrOvHehboSCJdONSAB7BiDZX+/PWXibYDpuhT/XJ4pzvipVoOYQdwa5RDpEri6vgTAA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-20T14:42:16.219633Z"},"content_sha256":"b0b7ab961ada0a4c17d088deec45ee5a0e4d9fcb516e37c7ac9124647ca25bac","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:b0b7ab961ada0a4c17d088deec45ee5a0e4d9fcb516e37c7ac9124647ca25bac"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2014:RNUWLOCMHDE5UVZGRLHANSWRU6","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"When is it Better to Compare than to Score?","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.LG"],"primary_cat":"stat.ML","authors_text":"Abhay Parekh, Joseph Bradley, Kannan Ramchandran, Martin Wainwright, Nihar B. Shah, Sivaraman Balakrishnan","submitted_at":"2014-06-25T15:48:41Z","abstract_excerpt":"When eliciting judgements from humans for an unknown quantity, one often has the choice of making direct-scoring (cardinal) or comparative (ordinal) measurements. In this paper we study the relative merits of either choice, providing empirical and theoretical guidelines for the selection of a measurement scheme. We provide empirical evidence based on experiments on Amazon Mechanical Turk that in a variety of tasks, (pairwise-comparative) ordinal measurements have lower per sample noise and are typically faster to elicit than cardinal ones. Ordinal measurements however typically provide less in"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1406.6618","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T02:49:02Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"hoqDihI/H/uA7+2cB6bjGvZ5tHMJvILipGwKPvASKjEseyWI30+drkZKd6ivJTwOA7ypxeNdCSpCZ+UpAfUeDw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-20T14:42:16.219992Z"},"content_sha256":"37f8f6509d22cef0c987e65f8d61db0af7bd5408e3385eb37cc60074870a15c7","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:37f8f6509d22cef0c987e65f8d61db0af7bd5408e3385eb37cc60074870a15c7"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/RNUWLOCMHDE5UVZGRLHANSWRU6/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/RNUWLOCMHDE5UVZGRLHANSWRU6/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/RNUWLOCMHDE5UVZGRLHANSWRU6/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-05-20T14:42:16Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/RNUWLOCMHDE5UVZGRLHANSWRU6","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/RNUWLOCMHDE5UVZGRLHANSWRU6/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/RNUWLOCMHDE5UVZGRLHANSWRU6/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/RNUWLOCMHDE5UVZGRLHANSWRU6/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2014:RNUWLOCMHDE5UVZGRLHANSWRU6","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"ec13874691818ccc8d807c4672ea8b701f30920a23e39f16e8e3c9d1161d7346","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.LG"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ML","submitted_at":"2014-06-25T15:48:41Z","title_canon_sha256":"c4cd980f41b7d1c7ea59b8983a2e403c7527c05750f8102eb46e2a7e1f04a2b7"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1406.6618","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1406.6618","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:49:02Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1406.6618v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:49:02Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1406.6618","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:49:02Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"RNUWLOCMHDE5","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:46Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"RNUWLOCMHDE5UVZG","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:46Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"RNUWLOCM","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:46Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:37f8f6509d22cef0c987e65f8d61db0af7bd5408e3385eb37cc60074870a15c7","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:49:02Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"When eliciting judgements from humans for an unknown quantity, one often has the choice of making direct-scoring (cardinal) or comparative (ordinal) measurements. In this paper we study the relative merits of either choice, providing empirical and theoretical guidelines for the selection of a measurement scheme. We provide empirical evidence based on experiments on Amazon Mechanical Turk that in a variety of tasks, (pairwise-comparative) ordinal measurements have lower per sample noise and are typically faster to elicit than cardinal ones. Ordinal measurements however typically provide less in","authors_text":"Abhay Parekh, Joseph Bradley, Kannan Ramchandran, Martin Wainwright, Nihar B. Shah, Sivaraman Balakrishnan","cross_cats":["cs.LG"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ML","submitted_at":"2014-06-25T15:48:41Z","title":"When is it Better to Compare than to Score?"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1406.6618","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:b0b7ab961ada0a4c17d088deec45ee5a0e4d9fcb516e37c7ac9124647ca25bac","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:49:02Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"ec13874691818ccc8d807c4672ea8b701f30920a23e39f16e8e3c9d1161d7346","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.LG"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ML","submitted_at":"2014-06-25T15:48:41Z","title_canon_sha256":"c4cd980f41b7d1c7ea59b8983a2e403c7527c05750f8102eb46e2a7e1f04a2b7"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1406.6618","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"8b6965b84c38c9da57268ace06cad1a799730ec8114cf9e547474f705f94ca6d","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"8b6965b84c38c9da57268ace06cad1a799730ec8114cf9e547474f705f94ca6d","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T02:49:02.304717Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T02:49:02.304717Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"DoljzyAXeAUPLUltTj+8lzLJM+A2fMTgXVaUPUJA/Cis3sfwhUoZwiu9YIiu47S6SxL5j1ZmWUr/bE10yNv7Dg==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T02:49:02.305119Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1406.6618","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:b0b7ab961ada0a4c17d088deec45ee5a0e4d9fcb516e37c7ac9124647ca25bac","sha256:37f8f6509d22cef0c987e65f8d61db0af7bd5408e3385eb37cc60074870a15c7"],"state_sha256":"16e5dd2c44e164da9f13831c7a4df35b57e0d8be41448fb344ead0ef225b5818"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"M36GOrhXXLQJNCElT7kbusRI3k13Qfzy9hH+p7YpD20V9PRZVmqFog+8Ag9MbigCJyHummZYu1kgipeMaN0bCQ==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-20T14:42:16.222033Z","bundle_sha256":"060a9432793b54cdfa1b59d57752b8af37445f1812b83f29a65ba7f59e43cb1b"}}