{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2017:RPSXGRYPJ4WKUNZ7M43DDISDE4","short_pith_number":"pith:RPSXGRYP","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1708.01285","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.DC","submitted_at":"2017-08-03T19:22:23Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CR"],"title_canon_sha256":"14700f34a63492b7048a2c9a0935795b0a6f48fc2cc722bd15ae58b23d4aa47d","abstract_canon_sha256":"b24e26a378d9fe18c397f18caf1b35ecee461b08bc2d71b7884c0f5245310ec6"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"8be573470f4f2caa373f673631a243272409a8a3f79895cc3d4e2c2892ac99da","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1708.01285","version":3},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1708.01285","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:23:08Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1708.01285v3","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:23:08Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1708.01285","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:23:08Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"RPSXGRYPJ4WK","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:31:39Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"RPSXGRYPJ4WKUNZ7","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:31:39Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"RPSXGRYP","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:31:39Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2017:RPSXGRYPJ4WKUNZ7M43DDISDE4","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1708.01285","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.DC","submitted_at":"2017-08-03T19:22:23Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CR"],"title_canon_sha256":"14700f34a63492b7048a2c9a0935795b0a6f48fc2cc722bd15ae58b23d4aa47d","abstract_canon_sha256":"b24e26a378d9fe18c397f18caf1b35ecee461b08bc2d71b7884c0f5245310ec6"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"8be573470f4f2caa373f673631a243272409a8a3f79895cc3d4e2c2892ac99da","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T00:23:08.632932Z","signature_b64":"4C+axra1P2e+jiOFwWmcsRaBTIdbqC38P3L+fBFU79vWv3mFbd1Ffw1P4x7xcj6ek1sNH/rt/Ssqnlis4L87BQ==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"8be573470f4f2caa373f673631a243272409a8a3f79895cc3d4e2c2892ac99da","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T00:23:08.632327Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T00:23:08.632327Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1708.01285","source_version":3,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T00:23:08Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"X0ZmpqwkXTuKGC1gm8A9hRPSFXL4V+/1REZmbL0PrJ9MFXb/qZQj4fNCVWfMQhp01VCsbYPuBA97FASty04+Bw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-30T07:50:26.604077Z"},"content_sha256":"eee13582371db0ab9cdfa9992ba948b3d8cda94a6908fc34426caa7bbfd7733c","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:eee13582371db0ab9cdfa9992ba948b3d8cda94a6908fc34426caa7bbfd7733c"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2017:RPSXGRYPJ4WKUNZ7M43DDISDE4","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Proof of Work Without All the Work: Computationally Efficient Attack-Resistant Systems","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.CR"],"primary_cat":"cs.DC","authors_text":"Diksha Gupta, Jared Saia, Maxwell Young","submitted_at":"2017-08-03T19:22:23Z","abstract_excerpt":"Proof-of-work (PoW) is an algorithmic tool used to secure networks by imposing a computational cost on participating devices. Unfortunately, traditional PoW schemes require that correct devices perform computational work perpetually, even when the system is not under attack.\n  We address this issue by designing a general PoW protocol that ensures two properties. First, the network stays secure. In particular, the fraction of identities in the system that are controlled by an attacker is always less than 1/2. Second, our protocol's computational cost is commensurate with the cost of an attacker"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1708.01285","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T00:23:08Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"hiqtVSgPMZ75TEDgadDutygIRcFi4551CYhJa4CJeEl3TjZ32WTnWC1cVXexJ0OuL9Zjtcbo9/810PKMJQl6Bw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-30T07:50:26.604493Z"},"content_sha256":"940d9a97c94ff051d884580492ac2da91bb47a6022428e6686696d462caa015b","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:940d9a97c94ff051d884580492ac2da91bb47a6022428e6686696d462caa015b"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/RPSXGRYPJ4WKUNZ7M43DDISDE4/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/RPSXGRYPJ4WKUNZ7M43DDISDE4/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/RPSXGRYPJ4WKUNZ7M43DDISDE4/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-05-30T07:50:26Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/RPSXGRYPJ4WKUNZ7M43DDISDE4","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/RPSXGRYPJ4WKUNZ7M43DDISDE4/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/RPSXGRYPJ4WKUNZ7M43DDISDE4/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/RPSXGRYPJ4WKUNZ7M43DDISDE4/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2017:RPSXGRYPJ4WKUNZ7M43DDISDE4","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"b24e26a378d9fe18c397f18caf1b35ecee461b08bc2d71b7884c0f5245310ec6","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CR"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.DC","submitted_at":"2017-08-03T19:22:23Z","title_canon_sha256":"14700f34a63492b7048a2c9a0935795b0a6f48fc2cc722bd15ae58b23d4aa47d"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1708.01285","kind":"arxiv","version":3}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1708.01285","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:23:08Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1708.01285v3","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:23:08Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1708.01285","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:23:08Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"RPSXGRYPJ4WK","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:31:39Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"RPSXGRYPJ4WKUNZ7","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:31:39Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"RPSXGRYP","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:31:39Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:940d9a97c94ff051d884580492ac2da91bb47a6022428e6686696d462caa015b","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:23:08Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Proof-of-work (PoW) is an algorithmic tool used to secure networks by imposing a computational cost on participating devices. Unfortunately, traditional PoW schemes require that correct devices perform computational work perpetually, even when the system is not under attack.\n  We address this issue by designing a general PoW protocol that ensures two properties. First, the network stays secure. In particular, the fraction of identities in the system that are controlled by an attacker is always less than 1/2. Second, our protocol's computational cost is commensurate with the cost of an attacker","authors_text":"Diksha Gupta, Jared Saia, Maxwell Young","cross_cats":["cs.CR"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.DC","submitted_at":"2017-08-03T19:22:23Z","title":"Proof of Work Without All the Work: Computationally Efficient Attack-Resistant Systems"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1708.01285","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:eee13582371db0ab9cdfa9992ba948b3d8cda94a6908fc34426caa7bbfd7733c","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:23:08Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"b24e26a378d9fe18c397f18caf1b35ecee461b08bc2d71b7884c0f5245310ec6","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CR"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.DC","submitted_at":"2017-08-03T19:22:23Z","title_canon_sha256":"14700f34a63492b7048a2c9a0935795b0a6f48fc2cc722bd15ae58b23d4aa47d"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1708.01285","kind":"arxiv","version":3}},"canonical_sha256":"8be573470f4f2caa373f673631a243272409a8a3f79895cc3d4e2c2892ac99da","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"8be573470f4f2caa373f673631a243272409a8a3f79895cc3d4e2c2892ac99da","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T00:23:08.632327Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T00:23:08.632327Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"4C+axra1P2e+jiOFwWmcsRaBTIdbqC38P3L+fBFU79vWv3mFbd1Ffw1P4x7xcj6ek1sNH/rt/Ssqnlis4L87BQ==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T00:23:08.632932Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1708.01285","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":3}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:eee13582371db0ab9cdfa9992ba948b3d8cda94a6908fc34426caa7bbfd7733c","sha256:940d9a97c94ff051d884580492ac2da91bb47a6022428e6686696d462caa015b"],"state_sha256":"0e6d21537da759469382cd0d601d0f6fcccbf51466b30e888126bd6385d6fede"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"28B1Fc/GQa5MLkQqOt4vrduRpNiv3LGmd1Um/+JR7RDHCItsfiBiSP29NBdVsrtlfkmXRM5H9sclwmkxIKfsCA==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-30T07:50:26.606749Z","bundle_sha256":"726d795b8784103367e4e35e8688eb5467f6fbe0f8f4178b6516a0c2bd5bee79"}}