{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2023:RSND7VINFAFH2Q5RWGR5VPUZPQ","short_pith_number":"pith:RSND7VIN","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2302.04907","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2023-02-09T19:27:34Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.LG"],"title_canon_sha256":"91df009cd3193f388d0b384db57b8e6bcd0ec74f8cbd1f4584e065c959754f7a","abstract_canon_sha256":"8eab0680d804f423ef3364db82f3851f5d9fe598c5463641c94b007f23331105"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"8c9a3fd50d280a7d43b1b1a3dabe997c3f7281b5db883442fee22ba9e753e881","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2302.04907","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2302.04907","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:22:15Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2302.04907v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:22:15Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2302.04907","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:22:15Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"RSND7VINFAFH","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:22:15Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"RSND7VINFAFH2Q5R","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:22:15Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"RSND7VIN","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:22:15Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2023:RSND7VINFAFH2Q5RWGR5VPUZPQ","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2302.04907","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2023-02-09T19:27:34Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.LG"],"title_canon_sha256":"91df009cd3193f388d0b384db57b8e6bcd0ec74f8cbd1f4584e065c959754f7a","abstract_canon_sha256":"8eab0680d804f423ef3364db82f3851f5d9fe598c5463641c94b007f23331105"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"8c9a3fd50d280a7d43b1b1a3dabe997c3f7281b5db883442fee22ba9e753e881","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T07:22:15.365589Z","signature_b64":"YnnCZjKtkdntmluUeRXgsEse2iF30ZRJkrMKlraS5JrxBbevkrgKKmPmHKqI5b3ddTpVyPUCAlUrtDfh+LyfCg==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"8c9a3fd50d280a7d43b1b1a3dabe997c3f7281b5db883442fee22ba9e753e881","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T07:22:15.365087Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T07:22:15.365087Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2302.04907","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T07:22:15Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"+8k/sY1VpgRgNmQVXFCGe5gdvphFZ40Y7+L/sqIoNMx2w5qBqlC+zqO1VrcMhKR+TfhbXXGqeS8QxkFU3kH4CA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-07T10:05:03.993033Z"},"content_sha256":"501cd0a057f63f0d618741b50e0a968fc94ed581c2942bdeabc8466d8a0caa4f","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:501cd0a057f63f0d618741b50e0a968fc94ed581c2942bdeabc8466d8a0caa4f"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2023:RSND7VINFAFH2Q5RWGR5VPUZPQ","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Binarized Neural Machine Translation","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.LG"],"primary_cat":"cs.CL","authors_text":"Ankush Garg, Behrooz Ghorbani, {\\L}ukasz Lew, Orhan Firat, Yichi Zhang, Yuan Cao, Zhiru Zhang","submitted_at":"2023-02-09T19:27:34Z","abstract_excerpt":"The rapid scaling of language models is motivating research using low-bitwidth quantization. In this work, we propose a novel binarization technique for Transformers applied to machine translation (BMT), the first of its kind. We identify and address the problem of inflated dot-product variance when using one-bit weights and activations. Specifically, BMT leverages additional LayerNorms and residual connections to improve binarization quality. Experiments on the WMT dataset show that a one-bit weight-only Transformer can achieve the same quality as a float one, while being 16x smaller in size."},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2302.04907","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2302.04907/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T07:22:15Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"fe+4oophPEGe4TXK4932efkuJmInD6G5PtrjlzVSv0D9U+zQMkQ32O/S5GtBUfya8IxiWhdqmob4Pma/RwfMDQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-07T10:05:03.993415Z"},"content_sha256":"3f0bccbd3c963ea3e17a66a1c2a295e4be8f92af3ae5c2fa14174da8d964242a","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:3f0bccbd3c963ea3e17a66a1c2a295e4be8f92af3ae5c2fa14174da8d964242a"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/RSND7VINFAFH2Q5RWGR5VPUZPQ/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/RSND7VINFAFH2Q5RWGR5VPUZPQ/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/RSND7VINFAFH2Q5RWGR5VPUZPQ/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-07-07T10:05:03Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/RSND7VINFAFH2Q5RWGR5VPUZPQ","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/RSND7VINFAFH2Q5RWGR5VPUZPQ/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/RSND7VINFAFH2Q5RWGR5VPUZPQ/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/RSND7VINFAFH2Q5RWGR5VPUZPQ/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2023:RSND7VINFAFH2Q5RWGR5VPUZPQ","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"8eab0680d804f423ef3364db82f3851f5d9fe598c5463641c94b007f23331105","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.LG"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2023-02-09T19:27:34Z","title_canon_sha256":"91df009cd3193f388d0b384db57b8e6bcd0ec74f8cbd1f4584e065c959754f7a"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2302.04907","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2302.04907","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:22:15Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2302.04907v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:22:15Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2302.04907","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:22:15Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"RSND7VINFAFH","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:22:15Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"RSND7VINFAFH2Q5R","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:22:15Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"RSND7VIN","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:22:15Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:3f0bccbd3c963ea3e17a66a1c2a295e4be8f92af3ae5c2fa14174da8d964242a","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:22:15Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2302.04907/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"The rapid scaling of language models is motivating research using low-bitwidth quantization. In this work, we propose a novel binarization technique for Transformers applied to machine translation (BMT), the first of its kind. We identify and address the problem of inflated dot-product variance when using one-bit weights and activations. Specifically, BMT leverages additional LayerNorms and residual connections to improve binarization quality. Experiments on the WMT dataset show that a one-bit weight-only Transformer can achieve the same quality as a float one, while being 16x smaller in size.","authors_text":"Ankush Garg, Behrooz Ghorbani, {\\L}ukasz Lew, Orhan Firat, Yichi Zhang, Yuan Cao, Zhiru Zhang","cross_cats":["cs.LG"],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2023-02-09T19:27:34Z","title":"Binarized Neural Machine Translation"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2302.04907","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:501cd0a057f63f0d618741b50e0a968fc94ed581c2942bdeabc8466d8a0caa4f","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:22:15Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"8eab0680d804f423ef3364db82f3851f5d9fe598c5463641c94b007f23331105","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.LG"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2023-02-09T19:27:34Z","title_canon_sha256":"91df009cd3193f388d0b384db57b8e6bcd0ec74f8cbd1f4584e065c959754f7a"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2302.04907","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"8c9a3fd50d280a7d43b1b1a3dabe997c3f7281b5db883442fee22ba9e753e881","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"8c9a3fd50d280a7d43b1b1a3dabe997c3f7281b5db883442fee22ba9e753e881","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T07:22:15.365087Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T07:22:15.365087Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"YnnCZjKtkdntmluUeRXgsEse2iF30ZRJkrMKlraS5JrxBbevkrgKKmPmHKqI5b3ddTpVyPUCAlUrtDfh+LyfCg==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T07:22:15.365589Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2302.04907","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:501cd0a057f63f0d618741b50e0a968fc94ed581c2942bdeabc8466d8a0caa4f","sha256:3f0bccbd3c963ea3e17a66a1c2a295e4be8f92af3ae5c2fa14174da8d964242a"],"state_sha256":"2317bc62a84ba26ce9ef16e58417240e9598d0902f4908098bb99910bd09be08"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"zon1MGXE67t2kC3cnjn79Levh314FbgPQxPTx8fMXKkjdLM5XGpjzM8RxkSb2MOWq6wAVff8rJnMn9nNFoaBDQ==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-07T10:05:03.995468Z","bundle_sha256":"6e9d30d91cb99dfb772d586db8d452f6516f475b717b85d9310369e24ac1836e"}}