{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2024:RTTUXJOEMPQNOM6SKDBDADEGNP","short_pith_number":"pith:RTTUXJOE","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2409.12405","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.SE","submitted_at":"2024-09-19T02:03:04Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI"],"title_canon_sha256":"bd101f441ca550767923f52acbb93d9fd15b64bd4bdc48b3b455e849e6f04792","abstract_canon_sha256":"cbbe1a23d4bb3b8829b30e76d794a2d0c4208130bf72aa7caf32d9f053d9be2a"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"8ce74ba5c463e0d733d250c2300c866bd41a1ab937bd0cff0e82259292fe6bb1","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2409.12405","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2409.12405","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:08:53Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2409.12405v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:08:53Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2409.12405","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:08:53Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"RTTUXJOEMPQN","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:08:53Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"RTTUXJOEMPQNOM6S","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:08:53Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"RTTUXJOE","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:08:53Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2024:RTTUXJOEMPQNOM6SKDBDADEGNP","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2409.12405","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.SE","submitted_at":"2024-09-19T02:03:04Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI"],"title_canon_sha256":"bd101f441ca550767923f52acbb93d9fd15b64bd4bdc48b3b455e849e6f04792","abstract_canon_sha256":"cbbe1a23d4bb3b8829b30e76d794a2d0c4208130bf72aa7caf32d9f053d9be2a"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"8ce74ba5c463e0d733d250c2300c866bd41a1ab937bd0cff0e82259292fe6bb1","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T09:08:53.488465Z","signature_b64":"lInbiP0qSlJnxDlgRKJ9HcpA0PUhWBrNnTgNRCzLKD4TygK0TzfYfFbRI7fsJ/+hpiYXx28PsAGaIcVkMTeDAw==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"8ce74ba5c463e0d733d250c2300c866bd41a1ab937bd0cff0e82259292fe6bb1","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T09:08:53.487920Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T09:08:53.487920Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2409.12405","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T09:08:53Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"FZFzzaBW+dWwd0jzSzalNh3FoByDos/lBTIxBFOCDYEsHj8Db5xm8h7KsFHyl41E+mGp2I2OjRNOZ0fgQSZvAA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-04T10:15:10.646941Z"},"content_sha256":"1bb5bd77c5c526bfd471a3d3d2db99c0335b898cbe9ffe2c7639463f2377d072","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:1bb5bd77c5c526bfd471a3d3d2db99c0335b898cbe9ffe2c7639463f2377d072"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2024:RTTUXJOEMPQNOM6SKDBDADEGNP","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"On the Effectiveness of LLMs for Manual Test Verifications","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.AI"],"primary_cat":"cs.SE","authors_text":"Baldoino Fonseca, Davy de Medeiros Baia, M\\'arcio Ribeiro, Myron David Lucena Campos Peixoto, Nathalia Nascimento, Paulo Alencar","submitted_at":"2024-09-19T02:03:04Z","abstract_excerpt":"Background: Manual testing is vital for detecting issues missed by automated tests, but specifying accurate verifications is challenging. Aims: This study aims to explore the use of Large Language Models (LLMs) to produce verifications for manual tests. Method: We conducted two independent and complementary exploratory studies. The first study involved using 2 closed-source and 6 open-source LLMs to generate verifications for manual test steps and evaluate their similarity to original verifications. The second study involved recruiting software testing professionals to assess their perception "},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2409.12405","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2409.12405/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T09:08:53Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"oQuPiMgHLiEWxWCgyTRewACGpXk0teRLSoflEGQxG0uznLR4o34guEZMdr0rx3qEyirmGjGfiH94rS3NeslrDA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-04T10:15:10.647676Z"},"content_sha256":"93e0036ae44f0a210d3ae49db60e34d5d194e01cab7469cb8876a1e15c0edc38","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:93e0036ae44f0a210d3ae49db60e34d5d194e01cab7469cb8876a1e15c0edc38"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/RTTUXJOEMPQNOM6SKDBDADEGNP/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/RTTUXJOEMPQNOM6SKDBDADEGNP/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/RTTUXJOEMPQNOM6SKDBDADEGNP/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-04T10:15:10Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/RTTUXJOEMPQNOM6SKDBDADEGNP","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/RTTUXJOEMPQNOM6SKDBDADEGNP/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/RTTUXJOEMPQNOM6SKDBDADEGNP/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/RTTUXJOEMPQNOM6SKDBDADEGNP/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2024:RTTUXJOEMPQNOM6SKDBDADEGNP","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"cbbe1a23d4bb3b8829b30e76d794a2d0c4208130bf72aa7caf32d9f053d9be2a","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.SE","submitted_at":"2024-09-19T02:03:04Z","title_canon_sha256":"bd101f441ca550767923f52acbb93d9fd15b64bd4bdc48b3b455e849e6f04792"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2409.12405","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2409.12405","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:08:53Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2409.12405v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:08:53Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2409.12405","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:08:53Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"RTTUXJOEMPQN","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:08:53Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"RTTUXJOEMPQNOM6S","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:08:53Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"RTTUXJOE","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:08:53Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:93e0036ae44f0a210d3ae49db60e34d5d194e01cab7469cb8876a1e15c0edc38","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:08:53Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2409.12405/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Background: Manual testing is vital for detecting issues missed by automated tests, but specifying accurate verifications is challenging. Aims: This study aims to explore the use of Large Language Models (LLMs) to produce verifications for manual tests. Method: We conducted two independent and complementary exploratory studies. The first study involved using 2 closed-source and 6 open-source LLMs to generate verifications for manual test steps and evaluate their similarity to original verifications. The second study involved recruiting software testing professionals to assess their perception ","authors_text":"Baldoino Fonseca, Davy de Medeiros Baia, M\\'arcio Ribeiro, Myron David Lucena Campos Peixoto, Nathalia Nascimento, Paulo Alencar","cross_cats":["cs.AI"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.SE","submitted_at":"2024-09-19T02:03:04Z","title":"On the Effectiveness of LLMs for Manual Test Verifications"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2409.12405","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:1bb5bd77c5c526bfd471a3d3d2db99c0335b898cbe9ffe2c7639463f2377d072","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:08:53Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"cbbe1a23d4bb3b8829b30e76d794a2d0c4208130bf72aa7caf32d9f053d9be2a","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.SE","submitted_at":"2024-09-19T02:03:04Z","title_canon_sha256":"bd101f441ca550767923f52acbb93d9fd15b64bd4bdc48b3b455e849e6f04792"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2409.12405","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"8ce74ba5c463e0d733d250c2300c866bd41a1ab937bd0cff0e82259292fe6bb1","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"8ce74ba5c463e0d733d250c2300c866bd41a1ab937bd0cff0e82259292fe6bb1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T09:08:53.487920Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T09:08:53.487920Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"lInbiP0qSlJnxDlgRKJ9HcpA0PUhWBrNnTgNRCzLKD4TygK0TzfYfFbRI7fsJ/+hpiYXx28PsAGaIcVkMTeDAw==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T09:08:53.488465Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2409.12405","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:1bb5bd77c5c526bfd471a3d3d2db99c0335b898cbe9ffe2c7639463f2377d072","sha256:93e0036ae44f0a210d3ae49db60e34d5d194e01cab7469cb8876a1e15c0edc38"],"state_sha256":"9eb59ffb27180ea166fa062fdc066ca46efba804f4d2a81423092b3355fb22a1"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"EtDDJ64uEPAegAZ4HswxrKu6VwLAC7bIRqN27SVz81H9m6fRyCyxnHgNvw02PNXQ/uPjW1y802ani0LMFn1OCg==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-04T10:15:10.652249Z","bundle_sha256":"1f779985016bad8ce2caef72e2f6a53f7485d1820a5565ed9ff73f8ea1056cb4"}}