{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2024:RV7YASWJJENGW6NV2M2YNSXECT","short_pith_number":"pith:RV7YASWJ","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2411.13775","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2024-11-21T01:12:46Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI"],"title_canon_sha256":"5e6f348316f11f3994fa40ad5d6fd5a863759fcf4951af4a87ed772c05c70342","abstract_canon_sha256":"464aba6728183347255fe723d4570e6cbe265adc2b62d6d8a873a71edba6961c"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"8d7f804ac9491a6b79b5d33586cae414e84215c6d6b8da52fcf298c4789d91f7","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2411.13775","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2411.13775","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:38:36Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2411.13775v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:38:36Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2411.13775","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:38:36Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"RV7YASWJJENG","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:38:36Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"RV7YASWJJENGW6NV","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:38:36Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"RV7YASWJ","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:38:36Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2024:RV7YASWJJENGW6NV2M2YNSXECT","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2411.13775","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2024-11-21T01:12:46Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI"],"title_canon_sha256":"5e6f348316f11f3994fa40ad5d6fd5a863759fcf4951af4a87ed772c05c70342","abstract_canon_sha256":"464aba6728183347255fe723d4570e6cbe265adc2b62d6d8a873a71edba6961c"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"8d7f804ac9491a6b79b5d33586cae414e84215c6d6b8da52fcf298c4789d91f7","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T09:38:36.939588Z","signature_b64":"VEktZs1PYjUQq62FCcNpFr3mp72i+286GJJThE08OeMmYKnczBppeFr8BRA9EEy7GDZw8AW9MOGorTa1+z1QAg==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"8d7f804ac9491a6b79b5d33586cae414e84215c6d6b8da52fcf298c4789d91f7","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T09:38:36.939188Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T09:38:36.939188Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2411.13775","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T09:38:36Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"MWjFbS3pWg5K0IQMCupG8Q8hbnv/PtJak5pj0cBZKkureZfYkhL7ufCPQPu1KA1O4FzNRpSH5lR0LRrOSWnvAQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-09T02:06:33.428431Z"},"content_sha256":"81bcde8c4c6c9e26732b89ffa13d58642b43aa882b21f1e384a75d81b650d0fd","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:81bcde8c4c6c9e26732b89ffa13d58642b43aa882b21f1e384a75d81b650d0fd"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2024:RV7YASWJJENGW6NV2M2YNSXECT","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Benchmarking GPT-4 against Human Translators: A Comprehensive Evaluation Across Languages, Domains, and Expertise Levels","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.AI"],"primary_cat":"cs.CL","authors_text":"Jianhao Yan, Jing Li, Pingchuan Yan, Xianchao Zhu, Yue Zhang, Yulong Chen","submitted_at":"2024-11-21T01:12:46Z","abstract_excerpt":"This study presents a comprehensive evaluation of GPT-4's translation capabilities compared to human translators of varying expertise levels. Through systematic human evaluation using the MQM schema, we assess translations across three language pairs (Chinese$\\longleftrightarrow$English, Russian$\\longleftrightarrow$English, and Chinese$\\longleftrightarrow$Hindi) and three domains (News, Technology, and Biomedical). Our findings reveal that GPT-4 achieves performance comparable to junior-level translators in terms of total errors, while still lagging behind senior translators. Unlike traditiona"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2411.13775","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2411.13775/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T09:38:36Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"Ho3PZfaxFlfz5oM4X3K01InRm89xD19CpljzvsDXajaTBLIpSb7aUKw9+huQXXU7myPeFouTPTxz8gAa4uBTDQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-09T02:06:33.428928Z"},"content_sha256":"02212042d968a378819757c95b9b3899a31051fa3ba7fd7c3b9aecdf53ded011","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:02212042d968a378819757c95b9b3899a31051fa3ba7fd7c3b9aecdf53ded011"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/RV7YASWJJENGW6NV2M2YNSXECT/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/RV7YASWJJENGW6NV2M2YNSXECT/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/RV7YASWJJENGW6NV2M2YNSXECT/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-09T02:06:33Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/RV7YASWJJENGW6NV2M2YNSXECT","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/RV7YASWJJENGW6NV2M2YNSXECT/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/RV7YASWJJENGW6NV2M2YNSXECT/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/RV7YASWJJENGW6NV2M2YNSXECT/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2024:RV7YASWJJENGW6NV2M2YNSXECT","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"464aba6728183347255fe723d4570e6cbe265adc2b62d6d8a873a71edba6961c","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2024-11-21T01:12:46Z","title_canon_sha256":"5e6f348316f11f3994fa40ad5d6fd5a863759fcf4951af4a87ed772c05c70342"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2411.13775","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2411.13775","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:38:36Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2411.13775v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:38:36Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2411.13775","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:38:36Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"RV7YASWJJENG","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:38:36Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"RV7YASWJJENGW6NV","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:38:36Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"RV7YASWJ","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:38:36Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:02212042d968a378819757c95b9b3899a31051fa3ba7fd7c3b9aecdf53ded011","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:38:36Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2411.13775/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"This study presents a comprehensive evaluation of GPT-4's translation capabilities compared to human translators of varying expertise levels. Through systematic human evaluation using the MQM schema, we assess translations across three language pairs (Chinese$\\longleftrightarrow$English, Russian$\\longleftrightarrow$English, and Chinese$\\longleftrightarrow$Hindi) and three domains (News, Technology, and Biomedical). Our findings reveal that GPT-4 achieves performance comparable to junior-level translators in terms of total errors, while still lagging behind senior translators. Unlike traditiona","authors_text":"Jianhao Yan, Jing Li, Pingchuan Yan, Xianchao Zhu, Yue Zhang, Yulong Chen","cross_cats":["cs.AI"],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2024-11-21T01:12:46Z","title":"Benchmarking GPT-4 against Human Translators: A Comprehensive Evaluation Across Languages, Domains, and Expertise Levels"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2411.13775","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:81bcde8c4c6c9e26732b89ffa13d58642b43aa882b21f1e384a75d81b650d0fd","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:38:36Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"464aba6728183347255fe723d4570e6cbe265adc2b62d6d8a873a71edba6961c","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2024-11-21T01:12:46Z","title_canon_sha256":"5e6f348316f11f3994fa40ad5d6fd5a863759fcf4951af4a87ed772c05c70342"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2411.13775","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"8d7f804ac9491a6b79b5d33586cae414e84215c6d6b8da52fcf298c4789d91f7","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"8d7f804ac9491a6b79b5d33586cae414e84215c6d6b8da52fcf298c4789d91f7","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T09:38:36.939188Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T09:38:36.939188Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"VEktZs1PYjUQq62FCcNpFr3mp72i+286GJJThE08OeMmYKnczBppeFr8BRA9EEy7GDZw8AW9MOGorTa1+z1QAg==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T09:38:36.939588Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2411.13775","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:81bcde8c4c6c9e26732b89ffa13d58642b43aa882b21f1e384a75d81b650d0fd","sha256:02212042d968a378819757c95b9b3899a31051fa3ba7fd7c3b9aecdf53ded011"],"state_sha256":"9571f353e755b8746097663ffe700788bebdc07418216d81d7c32329a46f1141"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"SiwzkU3wmpd7qXY7Yt963FKxcIcIqhtszZzrOvAJuSsOT0Qm1DyoCvPAmz3mSvAJ0IEvbcBeoOeaXk3VL6G2DQ==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-09T02:06:33.432942Z","bundle_sha256":"51190b2294e894bb91799aa8f0ba8e8f987c5a6ac96c1528dc3887aebf4409df"}}