{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2018:RVLQHYVLIW3VI6M47S622JSD4N","short_pith_number":"pith:RVLQHYVL","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1804.04457","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CE","submitted_at":"2018-04-12T12:13:34Z","cross_cats_sorted":["physics.comp-ph"],"title_canon_sha256":"02e7f28a9d758b96be57f96383cc906558ca5288238d4a04b99dcf35c5b20a08","abstract_canon_sha256":"b520557afdc05e0dc537867b1ac2063fa8db13bd1cc1ac146d51c0dfed239cd8"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"8d5703e2ab45b754799cfcbdad2643e34ad54aa7a6e98f8bf8c0f3cf19101f7a","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1804.04457","version":2},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1804.04457","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:05:19Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1804.04457v2","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:05:19Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1804.04457","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:05:19Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"RVLQHYVLIW3V","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:50Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"RVLQHYVLIW3VI6M4","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:50Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"RVLQHYVL","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:50Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2018:RVLQHYVLIW3VI6M47S622JSD4N","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1804.04457","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CE","submitted_at":"2018-04-12T12:13:34Z","cross_cats_sorted":["physics.comp-ph"],"title_canon_sha256":"02e7f28a9d758b96be57f96383cc906558ca5288238d4a04b99dcf35c5b20a08","abstract_canon_sha256":"b520557afdc05e0dc537867b1ac2063fa8db13bd1cc1ac146d51c0dfed239cd8"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"8d5703e2ab45b754799cfcbdad2643e34ad54aa7a6e98f8bf8c0f3cf19101f7a","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T00:05:19.359667Z","signature_b64":"Mxr9UtiXk5gY9pQ2zVA8MzZJox9MONeyBvXgaxLW/vZTsWT2sVb8eo1Bumsoa0b12svkGU0sfLCjsJPtNHhyAA==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"8d5703e2ab45b754799cfcbdad2643e34ad54aa7a6e98f8bf8c0f3cf19101f7a","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T00:05:19.359139Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T00:05:19.359139Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1804.04457","source_version":2,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T00:05:19Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"dwH3LwGQkybaTICijUDI8gW8UxoVrlRVCVd6z4jnEgd1A9jneNOE8hTPgNJp2h+tnWmW/bQzVHibOSqBQ5dTBA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-30T14:49:09.715617Z"},"content_sha256":"aa3007abe86c7ee98156379ad76e268524d00005d1c8ff4b969cedd4db93c161","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:aa3007abe86c7ee98156379ad76e268524d00005d1c8ff4b969cedd4db93c161"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2018:RVLQHYVLIW3VI6M47S622JSD4N","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Goal-based sensitivity maps using time windows and ensemble perturbations","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["physics.comp-ph"],"primary_cat":"cs.CE","authors_text":"2, 2), 3), C. C. Pain (1, C. E. Heaney (1, Computation Group, Data Science Institute, Department of Earth Science, Engineering, F. Fang (1, Florida State University, I. M. Navon (4) ((1) Applied Modelling, Imperial College London, P. Salinas (1, Simulation Group, UK (2) Novel Reservoir Modelling, UK (3) Data Assimilation Laboratory, UK (4) Department of Scientific Computing, USA)","submitted_at":"2018-04-12T12:13:34Z","abstract_excerpt":"We present an approach for forming sensitivity maps (or sensitivites) using ensembles. The method is an alternative to using an adjoint, which can be very challenging to formulate and also computationally expensive to solve. The main novelties of the presented approach are: 1) the use of goals, weighting the perturbation to help resolve the most important sensitivities, 2) the use of time windows, which enable the perturbations to be optimised independently for each window and 3) re-orthogonalisation of the solution through time, which helps optimise each perturbation when calculating sensitiv"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1804.04457","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T00:05:19Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"s+V/ewctfUav64SWrjOo3pBQG+H+kL19wEPnpOESZV4MLzxhMj1r185mHBkPkAFizUDiUx+vHllVcplyauPsAA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-30T14:49:09.716530Z"},"content_sha256":"46bfcb5f17a95372cbcdc835722f2326155ef8279f5e5746ee72befe6ea36632","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:46bfcb5f17a95372cbcdc835722f2326155ef8279f5e5746ee72befe6ea36632"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/RVLQHYVLIW3VI6M47S622JSD4N/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/RVLQHYVLIW3VI6M47S622JSD4N/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/RVLQHYVLIW3VI6M47S622JSD4N/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-05-30T14:49:09Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/RVLQHYVLIW3VI6M47S622JSD4N","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/RVLQHYVLIW3VI6M47S622JSD4N/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/RVLQHYVLIW3VI6M47S622JSD4N/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/RVLQHYVLIW3VI6M47S622JSD4N/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2018:RVLQHYVLIW3VI6M47S622JSD4N","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"b520557afdc05e0dc537867b1ac2063fa8db13bd1cc1ac146d51c0dfed239cd8","cross_cats_sorted":["physics.comp-ph"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CE","submitted_at":"2018-04-12T12:13:34Z","title_canon_sha256":"02e7f28a9d758b96be57f96383cc906558ca5288238d4a04b99dcf35c5b20a08"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1804.04457","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1804.04457","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:05:19Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1804.04457v2","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:05:19Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1804.04457","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:05:19Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"RVLQHYVLIW3V","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:50Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"RVLQHYVLIW3VI6M4","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:50Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"RVLQHYVL","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:50Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:46bfcb5f17a95372cbcdc835722f2326155ef8279f5e5746ee72befe6ea36632","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:05:19Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"We present an approach for forming sensitivity maps (or sensitivites) using ensembles. The method is an alternative to using an adjoint, which can be very challenging to formulate and also computationally expensive to solve. The main novelties of the presented approach are: 1) the use of goals, weighting the perturbation to help resolve the most important sensitivities, 2) the use of time windows, which enable the perturbations to be optimised independently for each window and 3) re-orthogonalisation of the solution through time, which helps optimise each perturbation when calculating sensitiv","authors_text":"2, 2), 3), C. C. Pain (1, C. E. Heaney (1, Computation Group, Data Science Institute, Department of Earth Science, Engineering, F. Fang (1, Florida State University, I. M. Navon (4) ((1) Applied Modelling, Imperial College London, P. Salinas (1, Simulation Group, UK (2) Novel Reservoir Modelling, UK (3) Data Assimilation Laboratory, UK (4) Department of Scientific Computing, USA)","cross_cats":["physics.comp-ph"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CE","submitted_at":"2018-04-12T12:13:34Z","title":"Goal-based sensitivity maps using time windows and ensemble perturbations"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1804.04457","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:aa3007abe86c7ee98156379ad76e268524d00005d1c8ff4b969cedd4db93c161","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:05:19Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"b520557afdc05e0dc537867b1ac2063fa8db13bd1cc1ac146d51c0dfed239cd8","cross_cats_sorted":["physics.comp-ph"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CE","submitted_at":"2018-04-12T12:13:34Z","title_canon_sha256":"02e7f28a9d758b96be57f96383cc906558ca5288238d4a04b99dcf35c5b20a08"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1804.04457","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"canonical_sha256":"8d5703e2ab45b754799cfcbdad2643e34ad54aa7a6e98f8bf8c0f3cf19101f7a","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"8d5703e2ab45b754799cfcbdad2643e34ad54aa7a6e98f8bf8c0f3cf19101f7a","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T00:05:19.359139Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T00:05:19.359139Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"Mxr9UtiXk5gY9pQ2zVA8MzZJox9MONeyBvXgaxLW/vZTsWT2sVb8eo1Bumsoa0b12svkGU0sfLCjsJPtNHhyAA==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T00:05:19.359667Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1804.04457","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":2}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:aa3007abe86c7ee98156379ad76e268524d00005d1c8ff4b969cedd4db93c161","sha256:46bfcb5f17a95372cbcdc835722f2326155ef8279f5e5746ee72befe6ea36632"],"state_sha256":"cdade086cb3c13c44e72fc7861d2dd80aa891c310812d1af80c018d8990a7a31"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"fge6pN0NgknHD7WvcGeqgZ6GWP6zSi3a0q0KkXZUsRgJ+A2rKfFKi5ah3U4nxC/ucMHOqRjDjATSmr3aWUjuBg==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-30T14:49:09.721425Z","bundle_sha256":"ae24bdf550f4d3d9131094cf6c9512ac1c05fc476cb540d0b239f07955049c38"}}