{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2021:RWN6EI4LZ3HMZYQG4ZWMA4HB7W","short_pith_number":"pith:RWN6EI4L","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2103.07461","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CV","submitted_at":"2021-03-12T18:56:17Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"a0bd48dd855ec9fee5468c25e02affcec26b6baf0508ccc9b353b5c91e5c7400","abstract_canon_sha256":"d1e579e0c5232ae07fb1b7efa4cca8c6deaf9217b2400ef8504b9c09f6d75640"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"8d9be2238bcececce206e66cc070e1fd905bd372435c528d8fda34de72bb7147","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2103.07461","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2103.07461","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:22:32Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2103.07461v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:22:32Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2103.07461","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:22:32Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"RWN6EI4LZ3HM","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:22:32Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"RWN6EI4LZ3HMZYQG","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:22:32Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"RWN6EI4L","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:22:32Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2021:RWN6EI4LZ3HMZYQG4ZWMA4HB7W","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2103.07461","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CV","submitted_at":"2021-03-12T18:56:17Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"a0bd48dd855ec9fee5468c25e02affcec26b6baf0508ccc9b353b5c91e5c7400","abstract_canon_sha256":"d1e579e0c5232ae07fb1b7efa4cca8c6deaf9217b2400ef8504b9c09f6d75640"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"8d9be2238bcececce206e66cc070e1fd905bd372435c528d8fda34de72bb7147","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T02:22:32.068484Z","signature_b64":"R8HpaNJ+OkpD3UfiF6SGyM343+4eo+bJlJrUPDxzTDfvOfhbkfzfrBPD6UKkV2SAlr+AH11+/20gVBtu7EiBBw==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"8d9be2238bcececce206e66cc070e1fd905bd372435c528d8fda34de72bb7147","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T02:22:32.068037Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T02:22:32.068037Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2103.07461","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T02:22:32Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"sarsPtDC4EDIsnJmp6C70fQVICLsQ0YRHvQzxoym3F1ST8yFSLyN5BBILEAY1qbsYiWbHoCVB83PQzhIM0hmDQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-10T02:39:56.518868Z"},"content_sha256":"6bf6d50f748e8d645cd252d8ad86a1e6223766a9b360db3e720408bd28491db9","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:6bf6d50f748e8d645cd252d8ad86a1e6223766a9b360db3e720408bd28491db9"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2021:RWN6EI4LZ3HMZYQG4ZWMA4HB7W","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Probabilistic two-stage detection","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"cs.CV","authors_text":"Philipp Kr\\\"ahenb\\\"uhl, Vladlen Koltun, Xingyi Zhou","submitted_at":"2021-03-12T18:56:17Z","abstract_excerpt":"We develop a probabilistic interpretation of two-stage object detection. We show that this probabilistic interpretation motivates a number of common empirical training practices. It also suggests changes to two-stage detection pipelines. Specifically, the first stage should infer proper object-vs-background likelihoods, which should then inform the overall score of the detector. A standard region proposal network (RPN) cannot infer this likelihood sufficiently well, but many one-stage detectors can. We show how to build a probabilistic two-stage detector from any state-of-the-art one-stage det"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2103.07461","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2103.07461/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T02:22:32Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"TGymgE8csm2QDAoeWCRjIOvW/jg3t6OPwu3JEPL6YfNRaJybWeDANd02PZnw4+pk+z10CXPIBEzR8Q2UqyLGDg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-10T02:39:56.519386Z"},"content_sha256":"8d0a408fd8c4078d58a1669f23de839a9aea9bbe76b53d2a54b7ceb319bca89f","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:8d0a408fd8c4078d58a1669f23de839a9aea9bbe76b53d2a54b7ceb319bca89f"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/RWN6EI4LZ3HMZYQG4ZWMA4HB7W/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/RWN6EI4LZ3HMZYQG4ZWMA4HB7W/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/RWN6EI4LZ3HMZYQG4ZWMA4HB7W/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-10T02:39:56Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/RWN6EI4LZ3HMZYQG4ZWMA4HB7W","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/RWN6EI4LZ3HMZYQG4ZWMA4HB7W/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/RWN6EI4LZ3HMZYQG4ZWMA4HB7W/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/RWN6EI4LZ3HMZYQG4ZWMA4HB7W/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2021:RWN6EI4LZ3HMZYQG4ZWMA4HB7W","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"d1e579e0c5232ae07fb1b7efa4cca8c6deaf9217b2400ef8504b9c09f6d75640","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CV","submitted_at":"2021-03-12T18:56:17Z","title_canon_sha256":"a0bd48dd855ec9fee5468c25e02affcec26b6baf0508ccc9b353b5c91e5c7400"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2103.07461","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2103.07461","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:22:32Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2103.07461v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:22:32Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2103.07461","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:22:32Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"RWN6EI4LZ3HM","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:22:32Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"RWN6EI4LZ3HMZYQG","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:22:32Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"RWN6EI4L","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:22:32Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:8d0a408fd8c4078d58a1669f23de839a9aea9bbe76b53d2a54b7ceb319bca89f","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:22:32Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2103.07461/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"We develop a probabilistic interpretation of two-stage object detection. We show that this probabilistic interpretation motivates a number of common empirical training practices. It also suggests changes to two-stage detection pipelines. Specifically, the first stage should infer proper object-vs-background likelihoods, which should then inform the overall score of the detector. A standard region proposal network (RPN) cannot infer this likelihood sufficiently well, but many one-stage detectors can. We show how to build a probabilistic two-stage detector from any state-of-the-art one-stage det","authors_text":"Philipp Kr\\\"ahenb\\\"uhl, Vladlen Koltun, Xingyi Zhou","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CV","submitted_at":"2021-03-12T18:56:17Z","title":"Probabilistic two-stage detection"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2103.07461","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:6bf6d50f748e8d645cd252d8ad86a1e6223766a9b360db3e720408bd28491db9","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:22:32Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"d1e579e0c5232ae07fb1b7efa4cca8c6deaf9217b2400ef8504b9c09f6d75640","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CV","submitted_at":"2021-03-12T18:56:17Z","title_canon_sha256":"a0bd48dd855ec9fee5468c25e02affcec26b6baf0508ccc9b353b5c91e5c7400"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2103.07461","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"8d9be2238bcececce206e66cc070e1fd905bd372435c528d8fda34de72bb7147","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"8d9be2238bcececce206e66cc070e1fd905bd372435c528d8fda34de72bb7147","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T02:22:32.068037Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T02:22:32.068037Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"R8HpaNJ+OkpD3UfiF6SGyM343+4eo+bJlJrUPDxzTDfvOfhbkfzfrBPD6UKkV2SAlr+AH11+/20gVBtu7EiBBw==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T02:22:32.068484Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2103.07461","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:6bf6d50f748e8d645cd252d8ad86a1e6223766a9b360db3e720408bd28491db9","sha256:8d0a408fd8c4078d58a1669f23de839a9aea9bbe76b53d2a54b7ceb319bca89f"],"state_sha256":"3ace818ab9cdbfb432815da935744586ac827250837b9f9fd2e79aa2dd94efb2"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"L7ZdYsjpHPzioHjen7Hdd+ayyIuUsZ2+XYRIWCShJeAN1Byr8q9tqycV1+Hwvr5+1ZcOtxFvlVGHNQxyZwhmCw==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-10T02:39:56.523675Z","bundle_sha256":"7eda6ec67a553aca5777fd4d91ae923df0742c0725847e3c651fdd145cf44397"}}