{"record_type":"pith_number_record","schema_url":"https://pith.science/schemas/pith-number/v1.json","pith_number":"pith:2026:RX7M7ITCWEXGJA4QYL53WV5YMU","short_pith_number":"pith:RX7M7ITC","schema_version":"1.0","canonical_sha256":"8dfecfa262b12e648390c2fbbb57b8650b9558704f6b32100baf3d95186b358a","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2607.16371","version":1},"attestation_state":"computed","paper":{"title":"Which Effect of Race? Causal Inference without Holding All Else Equal","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"stat.ME","authors_text":"Thomas Leavitt","submitted_at":"2026-07-17T14:34:20Z","abstract_excerpt":"Empirical studies of racial discrimination vary race while holding nonracial traits fixed, a design the literature defends as what credible inference requires. This defense bundles two claims: which effect of race a study should target, and whether its design can recover that effect. I separate them. The same randomization that secures credible estimation and inference recovers a family of race estimands, from the all-else-equal effect to a within-race effect that lets associated traits vary with race. Every member of that family is causal rather than descriptive, and the choice among members "},"verification_status":{"content_addressed":true,"pith_receipt":true,"author_attested":false,"weak_author_claims":0,"strong_author_claims":0,"externally_anchored":false,"storage_verified":false,"citation_signatures":0,"replication_records":0,"graph_snapshot":true,"references_resolved":false,"formal_links_present":false},"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2607.16371","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ME","submitted_at":"2026-07-17T14:34:20Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"49b537b5fafc3b821f99e59dd1e7e7447f3dabf3e41b6643561f746781d9605f","abstract_canon_sha256":"5e5b59226a61528bb97c10bafccc4eb9de2dc80ba8bece091d78e325f9cd95df"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-21T00:20:14.569710Z","signature_b64":"Y9C15ed2jScLaHG8lEEFQfeki9wv6D/0l2C5EVjpUeP1q3K8iGyAWQlUsvdJKMCaau9ulZIUESk0fKGKQn0BCQ==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"8dfecfa262b12e648390c2fbbb57b8650b9558704f6b32100baf3d95186b358a","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-21T00:20:14.568798Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-21T00:20:14.568798Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Which Effect of Race? Causal Inference without Holding All Else Equal","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"stat.ME","authors_text":"Thomas Leavitt","submitted_at":"2026-07-17T14:34:20Z","abstract_excerpt":"Empirical studies of racial discrimination vary race while holding nonracial traits fixed, a design the literature defends as what credible inference requires. This defense bundles two claims: which effect of race a study should target, and whether its design can recover that effect. I separate them. The same randomization that secures credible estimation and inference recovers a family of race estimands, from the all-else-equal effect to a within-race effect that lets associated traits vary with race. Every member of that family is causal rather than descriptive, and the choice among members "},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2607.16371","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2607.16371/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2607.16371","created_at":"2026-07-21T00:20:14.569273+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2607.16371v1","created_at":"2026-07-21T00:20:14.569273+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2607.16371","created_at":"2026-07-21T00:20:14.569273+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"RX7M7ITCWEXG","created_at":"2026-07-21T00:20:14.569273+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"RX7M7ITCWEXGJA4Q","created_at":"2026-07-21T00:20:14.569273+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"RX7M7ITC","created_at":"2026-07-21T00:20:14.569273+00:00"}],"events":[],"event_summary":{},"paper_claims":[],"inbound_citations":{"count":0,"internal_anchor_count":0,"sample":[]},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"sample":[],"anchors":[]},"links":{"html":"https://pith.science/pith/RX7M7ITCWEXGJA4QYL53WV5YMU","json":"https://pith.science/pith/RX7M7ITCWEXGJA4QYL53WV5YMU.json","graph_json":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/RX7M7ITCWEXGJA4QYL53WV5YMU/graph.json","events_json":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/RX7M7ITCWEXGJA4QYL53WV5YMU/events.json","paper":"https://pith.science/paper/RX7M7ITC"},"agent_actions":{"view_html":"https://pith.science/pith/RX7M7ITCWEXGJA4QYL53WV5YMU","download_json":"https://pith.science/pith/RX7M7ITCWEXGJA4QYL53WV5YMU.json","view_paper":"https://pith.science/paper/RX7M7ITC","resolve_alias":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/resolve?arxiv=2607.16371&json=true","fetch_graph":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/RX7M7ITCWEXGJA4QYL53WV5YMU/graph.json","fetch_events":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/RX7M7ITCWEXGJA4QYL53WV5YMU/events.json","actions":{"anchor_timestamp":"https://pith.science/pith/RX7M7ITCWEXGJA4QYL53WV5YMU/action/timestamp_anchor","attest_storage":"https://pith.science/pith/RX7M7ITCWEXGJA4QYL53WV5YMU/action/storage_attestation","attest_author":"https://pith.science/pith/RX7M7ITCWEXGJA4QYL53WV5YMU/action/author_attestation","sign_citation":"https://pith.science/pith/RX7M7ITCWEXGJA4QYL53WV5YMU/action/citation_signature","submit_replication":"https://pith.science/pith/RX7M7ITCWEXGJA4QYL53WV5YMU/action/replication_record"}},"created_at":"2026-07-21T00:20:14.569273+00:00","updated_at":"2026-07-21T00:20:14.569273+00:00"}