{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2026:RX7M7ITCWEXGJA4QYL53WV5YMU","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"5e5b59226a61528bb97c10bafccc4eb9de2dc80ba8bece091d78e325f9cd95df","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ME","submitted_at":"2026-07-17T14:34:20Z","title_canon_sha256":"49b537b5fafc3b821f99e59dd1e7e7447f3dabf3e41b6643561f746781d9605f"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2607.16371","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2607.16371","created_at":"2026-07-21T00:20:14Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2607.16371v1","created_at":"2026-07-21T00:20:14Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2607.16371","created_at":"2026-07-21T00:20:14Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"RX7M7ITCWEXG","created_at":"2026-07-21T00:20:14Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"RX7M7ITCWEXGJA4Q","created_at":"2026-07-21T00:20:14Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"RX7M7ITC","created_at":"2026-07-21T00:20:14Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:2a306bc0164b9076c7b8a810de8c4de8e02a1f26a358ea00caf5749971df28ec","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-21T00:20:14Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2607.16371/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Empirical studies of racial discrimination vary race while holding nonracial traits fixed, a design the literature defends as what credible inference requires. This defense bundles two claims: which effect of race a study should target, and whether its design can recover that effect. I separate them. The same randomization that secures credible estimation and inference recovers a family of race estimands, from the all-else-equal effect to a within-race effect that lets associated traits vary with race. Every member of that family is causal rather than descriptive, and the choice among members ","authors_text":"Thomas Leavitt","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ME","submitted_at":"2026-07-17T14:34:20Z","title":"Which Effect of Race? Causal Inference without Holding All Else Equal"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2607.16371","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:e14cd4be7e796c3bc4ee329f0c063a67ed98856ceba5a8976674638f6a0d474a","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-21T00:20:14Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"5e5b59226a61528bb97c10bafccc4eb9de2dc80ba8bece091d78e325f9cd95df","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ME","submitted_at":"2026-07-17T14:34:20Z","title_canon_sha256":"49b537b5fafc3b821f99e59dd1e7e7447f3dabf3e41b6643561f746781d9605f"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2607.16371","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"8dfecfa262b12e648390c2fbbb57b8650b9558704f6b32100baf3d95186b358a","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"8dfecfa262b12e648390c2fbbb57b8650b9558704f6b32100baf3d95186b358a","first_computed_at":"2026-07-21T00:20:14.568798Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-21T00:20:14.568798Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"Y9C15ed2jScLaHG8lEEFQfeki9wv6D/0l2C5EVjpUeP1q3K8iGyAWQlUsvdJKMCaau9ulZIUESk0fKGKQn0BCQ==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-21T00:20:14.569710Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2607.16371","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:e14cd4be7e796c3bc4ee329f0c063a67ed98856ceba5a8976674638f6a0d474a","sha256:2a306bc0164b9076c7b8a810de8c4de8e02a1f26a358ea00caf5749971df28ec"],"state_sha256":"d73aa560c427c4fbb6242e28b887eac2a338759dfda1cee3a0e77fae6fb10b93"}