{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2024:RXUOBSLKK26H6KKZQ3TOYUD3AP","short_pith_number":"pith:RXUOBSLK","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2407.02030","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2024-07-02T07:58:46Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"b1548b291f011d9bad0ced686328529c9c36425508c5982db82b7e2745ccee46","abstract_canon_sha256":"aedb5890d448671279d48ff951fc274f41100f60543956619877952ddb751eac"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"8de8e0c96a56bc7f295986e6ec507b03d6a4ec706ba3cc824bf2feea69fac6c9","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2407.02030","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2407.02030","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:39:08Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2407.02030v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:39:08Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2407.02030","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:39:08Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"RXUOBSLKK26H","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:39:08Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"RXUOBSLKK26H6KKZ","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:39:08Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"RXUOBSLK","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:39:08Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2024:RXUOBSLKK26H6KKZQ3TOYUD3AP","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2407.02030","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2024-07-02T07:58:46Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"b1548b291f011d9bad0ced686328529c9c36425508c5982db82b7e2745ccee46","abstract_canon_sha256":"aedb5890d448671279d48ff951fc274f41100f60543956619877952ddb751eac"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"8de8e0c96a56bc7f295986e6ec507b03d6a4ec706ba3cc824bf2feea69fac6c9","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T08:39:08.767451Z","signature_b64":"ruPMTFVugN6ROxOdHWZrmIUFpbTjbcNfBqqmGhhEzQivafhIj9rq44n6dL5Ez9MYZxiubkfke9Diud5RgbTnBw==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"8de8e0c96a56bc7f295986e6ec507b03d6a4ec706ba3cc824bf2feea69fac6c9","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T08:39:08.766811Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T08:39:08.766811Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2407.02030","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T08:39:08Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"43NRL3fP2mr/CxCsAwzfysdpM8EOqwaj+5TpS1y/gSq8LwJPcAFiYb+WUPbuEoDcvRIxuZPvEltKIgdg+cc9Bg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-03T15:44:33.594063Z"},"content_sha256":"a58d737ea3f614f1251556c0249fa1ebb2f83710c832c8d24c21afe2673e12af","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:a58d737ea3f614f1251556c0249fa1ebb2f83710c832c8d24c21afe2673e12af"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2024:RXUOBSLKK26H6KKZQ3TOYUD3AP","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Breaking Bias, Building Bridges: Evaluation and Mitigation of Social Biases in LLMs via Contact Hypothesis","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"cs.CL","authors_text":"Anjishnu Mukherjee, Antonios Anastasopoulos, Aylin Caliskan, Chahat Raj, Ziwei Zhu","submitted_at":"2024-07-02T07:58:46Z","abstract_excerpt":"Large Language Models (LLMs) perpetuate social biases, reflecting prejudices in their training data and reinforcing societal stereotypes and inequalities. Our work explores the potential of the Contact Hypothesis, a concept from social psychology for debiasing LLMs. We simulate various forms of social contact through LLM prompting to measure their influence on the model's biases, mirroring how intergroup interactions can reduce prejudices in social contexts. We create a dataset of 108,000 prompts following a principled approach replicating social contact to measure biases in three LLMs (LLaMA "},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2407.02030","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2407.02030/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T08:39:08Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"QFdB0iFeLLLs9SUgBXrqvoYbIIGowvyRhO7xBdjLvlnNnzYs5+LMxpMZ9PzrcAcoI1yy9hTvEBLq29U3y9zFCg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-03T15:44:33.594536Z"},"content_sha256":"d5f7ac9b3758a79dd71b8b708687adec4a52145b722db4ca56fb3047b62538c6","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:d5f7ac9b3758a79dd71b8b708687adec4a52145b722db4ca56fb3047b62538c6"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/RXUOBSLKK26H6KKZQ3TOYUD3AP/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/RXUOBSLKK26H6KKZQ3TOYUD3AP/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/RXUOBSLKK26H6KKZQ3TOYUD3AP/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-03T15:44:33Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/RXUOBSLKK26H6KKZQ3TOYUD3AP","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/RXUOBSLKK26H6KKZQ3TOYUD3AP/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/RXUOBSLKK26H6KKZQ3TOYUD3AP/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/RXUOBSLKK26H6KKZQ3TOYUD3AP/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2024:RXUOBSLKK26H6KKZQ3TOYUD3AP","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"aedb5890d448671279d48ff951fc274f41100f60543956619877952ddb751eac","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2024-07-02T07:58:46Z","title_canon_sha256":"b1548b291f011d9bad0ced686328529c9c36425508c5982db82b7e2745ccee46"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2407.02030","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2407.02030","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:39:08Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2407.02030v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:39:08Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2407.02030","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:39:08Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"RXUOBSLKK26H","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:39:08Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"RXUOBSLKK26H6KKZ","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:39:08Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"RXUOBSLK","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:39:08Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:d5f7ac9b3758a79dd71b8b708687adec4a52145b722db4ca56fb3047b62538c6","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:39:08Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2407.02030/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Large Language Models (LLMs) perpetuate social biases, reflecting prejudices in their training data and reinforcing societal stereotypes and inequalities. Our work explores the potential of the Contact Hypothesis, a concept from social psychology for debiasing LLMs. We simulate various forms of social contact through LLM prompting to measure their influence on the model's biases, mirroring how intergroup interactions can reduce prejudices in social contexts. We create a dataset of 108,000 prompts following a principled approach replicating social contact to measure biases in three LLMs (LLaMA ","authors_text":"Anjishnu Mukherjee, Antonios Anastasopoulos, Aylin Caliskan, Chahat Raj, Ziwei Zhu","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2024-07-02T07:58:46Z","title":"Breaking Bias, Building Bridges: Evaluation and Mitigation of Social Biases in LLMs via Contact Hypothesis"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2407.02030","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:a58d737ea3f614f1251556c0249fa1ebb2f83710c832c8d24c21afe2673e12af","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:39:08Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"aedb5890d448671279d48ff951fc274f41100f60543956619877952ddb751eac","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2024-07-02T07:58:46Z","title_canon_sha256":"b1548b291f011d9bad0ced686328529c9c36425508c5982db82b7e2745ccee46"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2407.02030","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"8de8e0c96a56bc7f295986e6ec507b03d6a4ec706ba3cc824bf2feea69fac6c9","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"8de8e0c96a56bc7f295986e6ec507b03d6a4ec706ba3cc824bf2feea69fac6c9","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T08:39:08.766811Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T08:39:08.766811Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"ruPMTFVugN6ROxOdHWZrmIUFpbTjbcNfBqqmGhhEzQivafhIj9rq44n6dL5Ez9MYZxiubkfke9Diud5RgbTnBw==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T08:39:08.767451Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2407.02030","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:a58d737ea3f614f1251556c0249fa1ebb2f83710c832c8d24c21afe2673e12af","sha256:d5f7ac9b3758a79dd71b8b708687adec4a52145b722db4ca56fb3047b62538c6"],"state_sha256":"1b4c1f83e7570c0826b9a1629f7e844b83d084e7b00d298dc95ddb2fbbb8880f"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"YyAJslRMyQW1QPo3opkoWre0RysvVdvalnQYu3pN8ecuCYOrUI3SuZIMZX/Gdqbe4rUjudSDibIVk7eyVzz+AA==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-03T15:44:33.597162Z","bundle_sha256":"e5ab032b22b3f4093c8c455cbd13d5b5e9f8f88ac30843b3fac644ad9aff2545"}}