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This primary temperature measurement currently has a total uncertainty of approximately 1%, with clear paths toward improvement. The CoBRAS has an excellent relative precision of u(T)≈0.13 K."},{"attestation":"unclaimed","claim_id":"C2","kind":"weakest_assumption","source":"verdict.weakest_assumption","status":"machine_extracted","text":"That the rate equation models fully capture the population dynamics driven by blackbody radiation without significant unmodeled effects such as stray fields, collisions, or incomplete knowledge of transition matrix elements."},{"attestation":"unclaimed","claim_id":"C3","kind":"one_line_summary","source":"verdict.one_line_summary","status":"machine_extracted","text":"Atomic systems using 85Rb Rydberg atoms and vapor provide primary measurements of blackbody radiation temperature near 130 GHz and 24.5 THz with uncertainties of 1% and 0.13 K respectively."},{"attestation":"unclaimed","claim_id":"C4","kind":"headline","source":"verdict.pith_extraction.headline","status":"machine_extracted","text":"Atoms serve as primary sensors for radiative temperature by measuring blackbody radiation transition rates in quantum states."}],"snapshot_sha256":"924d661fc6247b81e1987376a266a5742e5f9a7759981623e6542f700ec6f018"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":2,"snapshot_sha256":"ae69493878d77e75aba94f65d8bcbf8707619722ccaec0000efe3757f9f69f87"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Atoms and simple molecules are excellent candidates for new standards and sensors because they are both all identical and their properties are determined by the immutable laws of quantum physics. Here, we introduce the concept of building a standard and sensor of radiative temperature using atoms and molecules. Such standards are based on precise measurement of the rate at which blackbody radiation (BBR) either excites or stimulates emission for a given atomic transition. We summarize the recent results of two experiments while detailing the rate equation models required for their interpretati","authors_text":"Christopher Holloway, Eric B. Norrgard, Matthew Simons, Nikunjkumar Prajapati, Noah Schlossberger, Stephen P. 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