{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2016:S3XIOUPGMXLAVACRE2UOJZM7XO","short_pith_number":"pith:S3XIOUPG","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1605.03992","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.CO","submitted_at":"2016-05-12T21:13:03Z","cross_cats_sorted":["stat.AP","stat.ME"],"title_canon_sha256":"0576cd7f3caf8f6d1ab0255a1ef58d03ce13357f29264ce23af9b1cf231e75ed","abstract_canon_sha256":"1bb9fa6d693f0bb014805761f619c9e2d35d1ff4475a78cec93c94918bdb80f0"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"96ee8751e665d60a805126a8e4e59fbb937e9bf0f16f038a9f0ef805ab350100","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1605.03992","version":2},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1605.03992","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:01:53Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1605.03992v2","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:01:53Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1605.03992","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:01:53Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"S3XIOUPGMXLA","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:41Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"S3XIOUPGMXLAVACR","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:41Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"S3XIOUPG","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:41Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2016:S3XIOUPGMXLAVACRE2UOJZM7XO","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1605.03992","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.CO","submitted_at":"2016-05-12T21:13:03Z","cross_cats_sorted":["stat.AP","stat.ME"],"title_canon_sha256":"0576cd7f3caf8f6d1ab0255a1ef58d03ce13357f29264ce23af9b1cf231e75ed","abstract_canon_sha256":"1bb9fa6d693f0bb014805761f619c9e2d35d1ff4475a78cec93c94918bdb80f0"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"96ee8751e665d60a805126a8e4e59fbb937e9bf0f16f038a9f0ef805ab350100","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T00:01:53.783029Z","signature_b64":"SuG5iDfGkyKtJInEMlcBpaKtFZnxZFKBqYooUFyTAfxVUVOFO43yq4GLIOgjFySss9vPOk6hA4Y7+CiypUyIDg==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"96ee8751e665d60a805126a8e4e59fbb937e9bf0f16f038a9f0ef805ab350100","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T00:01:53.782497Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T00:01:53.782497Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1605.03992","source_version":2,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T00:01:53Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"E5JT6ZovJSI4LQAcvPWC6UowqsK02CVnmdGhM43lz4FQQAZOc9Weh3Yyl4Jj5cbajA9Ughx0r2OiCnmF6MKkAQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-04T06:30:30.179247Z"},"content_sha256":"f92a7e6bd23ff64dc5c322a0114d908594996c08e0008c36b4be951ffef44eba","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:f92a7e6bd23ff64dc5c322a0114d908594996c08e0008c36b4be951ffef44eba"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2016:S3XIOUPGMXLAVACRE2UOJZM7XO","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Fast Approximation of Small p-values in Permutation Tests by Partitioning the Permutations","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["stat.AP","stat.ME"],"primary_cat":"stat.CO","authors_text":"Brian Segal, Hui Jiang, Michael Elliott, Thomas Braun","submitted_at":"2016-05-12T21:13:03Z","abstract_excerpt":"Researchers in genetics and other life sciences commonly use permutation tests to evaluate differences between groups. Permutation tests have desirable properties, including exactness if data are exchangeable, and are applicable even when the distribution of the test statistic is analytically intractable. However, permutation tests can be computationally intensive. We propose both an asymptotic approximation and a resampling algorithm for quickly estimating small permutation p-values (e.g. $<10^{-6}$) for the difference and ratio of means in two-sample tests. Our methods are based on the distr"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1605.03992","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T00:01:53Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"JWWD+v3eypAoSWWNangWViDezJDwuM5qs70cXOlp4OB4sR/Fi7jfOLDpqaSmgwwtmrmlPIpqa1/K5+76aclrCA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-04T06:30:30.179936Z"},"content_sha256":"44b970e735405807466d79a6f1e88948f4119e6c74ddbb9553b50947ed285b44","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:44b970e735405807466d79a6f1e88948f4119e6c74ddbb9553b50947ed285b44"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/S3XIOUPGMXLAVACRE2UOJZM7XO/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/S3XIOUPGMXLAVACRE2UOJZM7XO/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/S3XIOUPGMXLAVACRE2UOJZM7XO/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-06-04T06:30:30Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/S3XIOUPGMXLAVACRE2UOJZM7XO","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/S3XIOUPGMXLAVACRE2UOJZM7XO/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/S3XIOUPGMXLAVACRE2UOJZM7XO/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/S3XIOUPGMXLAVACRE2UOJZM7XO/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2016:S3XIOUPGMXLAVACRE2UOJZM7XO","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"1bb9fa6d693f0bb014805761f619c9e2d35d1ff4475a78cec93c94918bdb80f0","cross_cats_sorted":["stat.AP","stat.ME"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.CO","submitted_at":"2016-05-12T21:13:03Z","title_canon_sha256":"0576cd7f3caf8f6d1ab0255a1ef58d03ce13357f29264ce23af9b1cf231e75ed"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1605.03992","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1605.03992","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:01:53Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1605.03992v2","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:01:53Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1605.03992","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:01:53Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"S3XIOUPGMXLA","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:41Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"S3XIOUPGMXLAVACR","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:41Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"S3XIOUPG","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:41Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:44b970e735405807466d79a6f1e88948f4119e6c74ddbb9553b50947ed285b44","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:01:53Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Researchers in genetics and other life sciences commonly use permutation tests to evaluate differences between groups. Permutation tests have desirable properties, including exactness if data are exchangeable, and are applicable even when the distribution of the test statistic is analytically intractable. However, permutation tests can be computationally intensive. We propose both an asymptotic approximation and a resampling algorithm for quickly estimating small permutation p-values (e.g. $<10^{-6}$) for the difference and ratio of means in two-sample tests. Our methods are based on the distr","authors_text":"Brian Segal, Hui Jiang, Michael Elliott, Thomas Braun","cross_cats":["stat.AP","stat.ME"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.CO","submitted_at":"2016-05-12T21:13:03Z","title":"Fast Approximation of Small p-values in Permutation Tests by Partitioning the Permutations"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1605.03992","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:f92a7e6bd23ff64dc5c322a0114d908594996c08e0008c36b4be951ffef44eba","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:01:53Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"1bb9fa6d693f0bb014805761f619c9e2d35d1ff4475a78cec93c94918bdb80f0","cross_cats_sorted":["stat.AP","stat.ME"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.CO","submitted_at":"2016-05-12T21:13:03Z","title_canon_sha256":"0576cd7f3caf8f6d1ab0255a1ef58d03ce13357f29264ce23af9b1cf231e75ed"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1605.03992","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"canonical_sha256":"96ee8751e665d60a805126a8e4e59fbb937e9bf0f16f038a9f0ef805ab350100","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"96ee8751e665d60a805126a8e4e59fbb937e9bf0f16f038a9f0ef805ab350100","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T00:01:53.782497Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T00:01:53.782497Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"SuG5iDfGkyKtJInEMlcBpaKtFZnxZFKBqYooUFyTAfxVUVOFO43yq4GLIOgjFySss9vPOk6hA4Y7+CiypUyIDg==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T00:01:53.783029Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1605.03992","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":2}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:f92a7e6bd23ff64dc5c322a0114d908594996c08e0008c36b4be951ffef44eba","sha256:44b970e735405807466d79a6f1e88948f4119e6c74ddbb9553b50947ed285b44"],"state_sha256":"cca94e56af81d9ae7f056070f3e995c632e505297a4059bd0d61032ae5e65fa3"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"gmulviUaE0eDxTZ0i0ymCXixDRdfN137VU1xs+Tb1Pk1ULS4U9SQm40sFSJYglubV1ctVyYvYql/yrleJ4rUBg==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-04T06:30:30.183577Z","bundle_sha256":"38aae775be60f0c6056948f45d3cc0850e9b650b836aa5cf42a1d5dd31dd9738"}}