{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2020:S7QZL3SHC3FXBXVLIFCGH5OVVJ","short_pith_number":"pith:S7QZL3SH","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2011.04743","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2020-11-09T20:42:01Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CR"],"title_canon_sha256":"361298ee9b5ad7de9a050cbce50401a013da40e73dd4821f7653d4be599f4fd6","abstract_canon_sha256":"abb1b6f62d34d02b7d0d27e67d27d18c53ce52f01ab38f871a083a47ac4e95ed"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"97e195ee4716cb70deab414463f5d5aa6745ecb162112a3f33de44da69c67458","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2011.04743","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2011.04743","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:50:39Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2011.04743v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:50:39Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2011.04743","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:50:39Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"S7QZL3SHC3FX","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:50:39Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"S7QZL3SHC3FXBXVL","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:50:39Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"S7QZL3SH","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:50:39Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2020:S7QZL3SHC3FXBXVLIFCGH5OVVJ","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2011.04743","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2020-11-09T20:42:01Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CR"],"title_canon_sha256":"361298ee9b5ad7de9a050cbce50401a013da40e73dd4821f7653d4be599f4fd6","abstract_canon_sha256":"abb1b6f62d34d02b7d0d27e67d27d18c53ce52f01ab38f871a083a47ac4e95ed"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"97e195ee4716cb70deab414463f5d5aa6745ecb162112a3f33de44da69c67458","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T01:50:39.721844Z","signature_b64":"Aw974KgMQQ2Dkvgf5WR13F2JgfNWwsrf5ShY30S2/I64Ow1wdnVqGCdF2D3v6QjxFVoIDEWLlPz6Td9mxDvZAg==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"97e195ee4716cb70deab414463f5d5aa6745ecb162112a3f33de44da69c67458","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T01:50:39.721439Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T01:50:39.721439Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2011.04743","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T01:50:39Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"2kj/bQAd+rSBl8oirh14FcXFiAd+pcKh/6lNe8CmoBTO803P4EmOEyobI8o1QCzsxQMVEgTdqRWIUxos5I8nCA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-11T05:29:07.583906Z"},"content_sha256":"d6f7e649797cbbd67a23a64517dcdcbc9aabac4066ceef6bbdc260af475b5692","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:d6f7e649797cbbd67a23a64517dcdcbc9aabac4066ceef6bbdc260af475b5692"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2020:S7QZL3SHC3FXBXVLIFCGH5OVVJ","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Adversarial Semantic Collisions","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.CR"],"primary_cat":"cs.CL","authors_text":"Alexander M. Rush, Congzheng Song, Vitaly Shmatikov","submitted_at":"2020-11-09T20:42:01Z","abstract_excerpt":"We study semantic collisions: texts that are semantically unrelated but judged as similar by NLP models. We develop gradient-based approaches for generating semantic collisions and demonstrate that state-of-the-art models for many tasks which rely on analyzing the meaning and similarity of texts-- including paraphrase identification, document retrieval, response suggestion, and extractive summarization-- are vulnerable to semantic collisions. For example, given a target query, inserting a crafted collision into an irrelevant document can shift its retrieval rank from 1000 to top 3. We show how"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2011.04743","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2011.04743/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T01:50:39Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"JdmLLNgWX+ciIhTT8P7b7uwhvNamphVXGv2sDugPO/RKpdbvcsYv2pe6Cx6bTpTWgH+4KEEPKDFWK/BLPw6cAg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-11T05:29:07.584426Z"},"content_sha256":"d12a1bf9e1b4873d17f82f24d26f19157de10e98ef696de074e60da498236fda","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:d12a1bf9e1b4873d17f82f24d26f19157de10e98ef696de074e60da498236fda"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/S7QZL3SHC3FXBXVLIFCGH5OVVJ/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/S7QZL3SHC3FXBXVLIFCGH5OVVJ/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/S7QZL3SHC3FXBXVLIFCGH5OVVJ/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-11T05:29:07Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/S7QZL3SHC3FXBXVLIFCGH5OVVJ","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/S7QZL3SHC3FXBXVLIFCGH5OVVJ/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/S7QZL3SHC3FXBXVLIFCGH5OVVJ/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/S7QZL3SHC3FXBXVLIFCGH5OVVJ/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2020:S7QZL3SHC3FXBXVLIFCGH5OVVJ","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"abb1b6f62d34d02b7d0d27e67d27d18c53ce52f01ab38f871a083a47ac4e95ed","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CR"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2020-11-09T20:42:01Z","title_canon_sha256":"361298ee9b5ad7de9a050cbce50401a013da40e73dd4821f7653d4be599f4fd6"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2011.04743","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2011.04743","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:50:39Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2011.04743v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:50:39Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2011.04743","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:50:39Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"S7QZL3SHC3FX","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:50:39Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"S7QZL3SHC3FXBXVL","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:50:39Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"S7QZL3SH","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:50:39Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:d12a1bf9e1b4873d17f82f24d26f19157de10e98ef696de074e60da498236fda","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:50:39Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2011.04743/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"We study semantic collisions: texts that are semantically unrelated but judged as similar by NLP models. We develop gradient-based approaches for generating semantic collisions and demonstrate that state-of-the-art models for many tasks which rely on analyzing the meaning and similarity of texts-- including paraphrase identification, document retrieval, response suggestion, and extractive summarization-- are vulnerable to semantic collisions. For example, given a target query, inserting a crafted collision into an irrelevant document can shift its retrieval rank from 1000 to top 3. We show how","authors_text":"Alexander M. Rush, Congzheng Song, Vitaly Shmatikov","cross_cats":["cs.CR"],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2020-11-09T20:42:01Z","title":"Adversarial Semantic Collisions"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2011.04743","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:d6f7e649797cbbd67a23a64517dcdcbc9aabac4066ceef6bbdc260af475b5692","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:50:39Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"abb1b6f62d34d02b7d0d27e67d27d18c53ce52f01ab38f871a083a47ac4e95ed","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CR"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2020-11-09T20:42:01Z","title_canon_sha256":"361298ee9b5ad7de9a050cbce50401a013da40e73dd4821f7653d4be599f4fd6"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2011.04743","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"97e195ee4716cb70deab414463f5d5aa6745ecb162112a3f33de44da69c67458","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"97e195ee4716cb70deab414463f5d5aa6745ecb162112a3f33de44da69c67458","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T01:50:39.721439Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T01:50:39.721439Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"Aw974KgMQQ2Dkvgf5WR13F2JgfNWwsrf5ShY30S2/I64Ow1wdnVqGCdF2D3v6QjxFVoIDEWLlPz6Td9mxDvZAg==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T01:50:39.721844Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2011.04743","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:d6f7e649797cbbd67a23a64517dcdcbc9aabac4066ceef6bbdc260af475b5692","sha256:d12a1bf9e1b4873d17f82f24d26f19157de10e98ef696de074e60da498236fda"],"state_sha256":"8ec1514ae40c2322d1665c3dbfc10346c752f690dd58c3552b2df215a80439bd"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"9lF3/yXJHLl2hvAF5gNBD2Zg4eL/isGNnx0mkLyAncFyxZl7rJvQ1MO72tBwGJUUjUo0RPuKbU4ohOEy98tyCQ==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-11T05:29:07.589258Z","bundle_sha256":"13f19440185d19da65ef1aac72acda1f5a15bfa5cebcffc2311de092bb2bc778"}}