{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2020:SAPHDR3RTV7JA7AOOA3IFA7A2V","short_pith_number":"pith:SAPHDR3R","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2002.04745","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2020-02-12T00:33:03Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CL","stat.ML"],"title_canon_sha256":"96b527f13f4517567d030e3b983a85804127c2c03c3dde2625963c5de93683f9","abstract_canon_sha256":"5cd7a634e3eaad5549936455628f9e05555e72d47c1c18f517c33dec2ecf310f"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"901e71c7719d7e907c0e70368283e0d54ef163f6c0192cebe8280fe74d8d9ab2","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2002.04745","version":2},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2002.04745","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:13:57Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2002.04745v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:13:57Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2002.04745","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:13:57Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"SAPHDR3RTV7J","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:13:57Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"SAPHDR3RTV7JA7AO","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:13:57Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"SAPHDR3R","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:13:57Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2020:SAPHDR3RTV7JA7AOOA3IFA7A2V","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2002.04745","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2020-02-12T00:33:03Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CL","stat.ML"],"title_canon_sha256":"96b527f13f4517567d030e3b983a85804127c2c03c3dde2625963c5de93683f9","abstract_canon_sha256":"5cd7a634e3eaad5549936455628f9e05555e72d47c1c18f517c33dec2ecf310f"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"901e71c7719d7e907c0e70368283e0d54ef163f6c0192cebe8280fe74d8d9ab2","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T01:13:57.975666Z","signature_b64":"5xX1oAt4/sILf78oOBOHF1lwdPlySU3H76XNRoVhv+EuJxSz3c4Q6ApK0MogW9vb08zU7sRwXHOMUSUSZIMrCw==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"901e71c7719d7e907c0e70368283e0d54ef163f6c0192cebe8280fe74d8d9ab2","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T01:13:57.975174Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T01:13:57.975174Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2002.04745","source_version":2,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T01:13:57Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"xKC+n8ZFmDf9UY+2HfiJaYaav/gKSTPFv+UmN3HtQb3bQUYszvq4UHWOPSbhbHMCAjYDqi9DGSP+caSO9zvtBw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-05T03:18:36.980280Z"},"content_sha256":"75a754410c7fc99473f659704b15ab8b61d6e726c8ac803378e89e30b75ea941","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:75a754410c7fc99473f659704b15ab8b61d6e726c8ac803378e89e30b75ea941"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2020:SAPHDR3RTV7JA7AOOA3IFA7A2V","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"On Layer Normalization in the Transformer Architecture","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.CL","stat.ML"],"primary_cat":"cs.LG","authors_text":"Chen Xing, Di He, Huishuai Zhang, Kai Zheng, Liwei Wang, Ruibin Xiong, Shuxin Zheng, Tie-Yan Liu, Yanyan Lan, Yunchang Yang","submitted_at":"2020-02-12T00:33:03Z","abstract_excerpt":"The Transformer is widely used in natural language processing tasks. To train a Transformer however, one usually needs a carefully designed learning rate warm-up stage, which is shown to be crucial to the final performance but will slow down the optimization and bring more hyper-parameter tunings. In this paper, we first study theoretically why the learning rate warm-up stage is essential and show that the location of layer normalization matters. Specifically, we prove with mean field theory that at initialization, for the original-designed Post-LN Transformer, which places the layer normaliza"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2002.04745","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2002.04745/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T01:13:57Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"iw3RUQkVABFgT3qezGFtWYNJNYQgS0WVH/jOgeAbGBjPdwldeyB7go9rV6+J9HKx0VsF6998vnIFv62CRFm7Dg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-05T03:18:36.980991Z"},"content_sha256":"f472637293e5cd1d5565a5c4f9f1e41a9a0bc937e184f13fb2099293882cbcdc","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:f472637293e5cd1d5565a5c4f9f1e41a9a0bc937e184f13fb2099293882cbcdc"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/SAPHDR3RTV7JA7AOOA3IFA7A2V/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/SAPHDR3RTV7JA7AOOA3IFA7A2V/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/SAPHDR3RTV7JA7AOOA3IFA7A2V/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-05T03:18:36Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/SAPHDR3RTV7JA7AOOA3IFA7A2V","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/SAPHDR3RTV7JA7AOOA3IFA7A2V/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/SAPHDR3RTV7JA7AOOA3IFA7A2V/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/SAPHDR3RTV7JA7AOOA3IFA7A2V/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2020:SAPHDR3RTV7JA7AOOA3IFA7A2V","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"5cd7a634e3eaad5549936455628f9e05555e72d47c1c18f517c33dec2ecf310f","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CL","stat.ML"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2020-02-12T00:33:03Z","title_canon_sha256":"96b527f13f4517567d030e3b983a85804127c2c03c3dde2625963c5de93683f9"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2002.04745","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2002.04745","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:13:57Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2002.04745v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:13:57Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2002.04745","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:13:57Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"SAPHDR3RTV7J","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:13:57Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"SAPHDR3RTV7JA7AO","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:13:57Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"SAPHDR3R","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:13:57Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:f472637293e5cd1d5565a5c4f9f1e41a9a0bc937e184f13fb2099293882cbcdc","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:13:57Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2002.04745/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"The Transformer is widely used in natural language processing tasks. To train a Transformer however, one usually needs a carefully designed learning rate warm-up stage, which is shown to be crucial to the final performance but will slow down the optimization and bring more hyper-parameter tunings. In this paper, we first study theoretically why the learning rate warm-up stage is essential and show that the location of layer normalization matters. Specifically, we prove with mean field theory that at initialization, for the original-designed Post-LN Transformer, which places the layer normaliza","authors_text":"Chen Xing, Di He, Huishuai Zhang, Kai Zheng, Liwei Wang, Ruibin Xiong, Shuxin Zheng, Tie-Yan Liu, Yanyan Lan, Yunchang Yang","cross_cats":["cs.CL","stat.ML"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2020-02-12T00:33:03Z","title":"On Layer Normalization in the Transformer Architecture"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2002.04745","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:75a754410c7fc99473f659704b15ab8b61d6e726c8ac803378e89e30b75ea941","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:13:57Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"5cd7a634e3eaad5549936455628f9e05555e72d47c1c18f517c33dec2ecf310f","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CL","stat.ML"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2020-02-12T00:33:03Z","title_canon_sha256":"96b527f13f4517567d030e3b983a85804127c2c03c3dde2625963c5de93683f9"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2002.04745","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"canonical_sha256":"901e71c7719d7e907c0e70368283e0d54ef163f6c0192cebe8280fe74d8d9ab2","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"901e71c7719d7e907c0e70368283e0d54ef163f6c0192cebe8280fe74d8d9ab2","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T01:13:57.975174Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T01:13:57.975174Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"5xX1oAt4/sILf78oOBOHF1lwdPlySU3H76XNRoVhv+EuJxSz3c4Q6ApK0MogW9vb08zU7sRwXHOMUSUSZIMrCw==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T01:13:57.975666Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2002.04745","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":2}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:75a754410c7fc99473f659704b15ab8b61d6e726c8ac803378e89e30b75ea941","sha256:f472637293e5cd1d5565a5c4f9f1e41a9a0bc937e184f13fb2099293882cbcdc"],"state_sha256":"f265b50f59a21c42387a464e0b59112e1fa67f8e23869dba38d69e610a904e3f"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"hm/3cAQsa/GX8u8rJmSouuIwFvHOvCZjMW0cikdk7R8VmE5xANDJXeel/z5R2z+GavB+W2mvXKQlPPHdBBvzCg==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-05T03:18:36.986029Z","bundle_sha256":"b1c5c29a417e38c2e5630bc43e1e6914475779432c3998660b8a504f76989e2f"}}