{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2025:SDND5XTCXA4WFED73525P274WG","short_pith_number":"pith:SDND5XTC","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2502.20473","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"math.OC","submitted_at":"2025-02-27T19:19:56Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"391c942f9c6ae4ae84db1e542c152257155f83c837173266e9553ddf445233d2","abstract_canon_sha256":"4de14e3ab3ff985d25ea4a3f07b0bc27aeaf378b86df420c0f431c2ba3d04be1"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"90da3ede62b83962907fdf75d7ebfcb1b2cd51c68a36bf16edcf5aa0de3f499a","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2502.20473","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2502.20473","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:21:33Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2502.20473v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:21:33Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2502.20473","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:21:33Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"SDND5XTCXA4W","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:21:33Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"SDND5XTCXA4WFED7","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:21:33Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"SDND5XTC","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:21:33Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2025:SDND5XTCXA4WFED73525P274WG","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2502.20473","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"math.OC","submitted_at":"2025-02-27T19:19:56Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"391c942f9c6ae4ae84db1e542c152257155f83c837173266e9553ddf445233d2","abstract_canon_sha256":"4de14e3ab3ff985d25ea4a3f07b0bc27aeaf378b86df420c0f431c2ba3d04be1"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"90da3ede62b83962907fdf75d7ebfcb1b2cd51c68a36bf16edcf5aa0de3f499a","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T10:21:33.569188Z","signature_b64":"fXtuVoLb7MVubzW9tZ4aUJJYZxoPFlIHj7j9qbc2zO/Q5miQ1dbpW4s7TU30xW5H8G8RlHxEv5Ztn53g3YoaAA==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"90da3ede62b83962907fdf75d7ebfcb1b2cd51c68a36bf16edcf5aa0de3f499a","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T10:21:33.568562Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T10:21:33.568562Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2502.20473","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T10:21:33Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"ciG3cheLr+yFAx4K5A0/dLzw6ZsKIMl47RW+qntNDSau/g4S+3rK4bzrMoKZuzy6IFjkuxPqscP1q/zs3n5aCg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-07T02:30:07.337664Z"},"content_sha256":"c94e49be0c199065c478284a515e31158b982f689445290ebad246b8fe080b04","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:c94e49be0c199065c478284a515e31158b982f689445290ebad246b8fe080b04"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2025:SDND5XTCXA4WFED73525P274WG","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Analyzing the Impact of AC False Data Injection Attacks on Power System Operation","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"math.OC","authors_text":"Mohammad Rasoul Narimani, Mohammadreza Iranpour","submitted_at":"2025-02-27T19:19:56Z","abstract_excerpt":"False Data Injection (FDI) attacks are a significant threat to modern power systems. Although numerous research studies have focused on FDI attacks on power systems, these studies have primarily concentrated on designing or detecting DC FDI attacks, with less attention given to the impact analysis of AC FDI attacks. AC FDI attacks are potentially more harmful as they can easily bypass bad data detection (BDD) algorithms. In this paper, we present a unified approach to investigate the impact of AC FDI attacks on power transmission lines using the PowerWorld simulator. We also investigate the im"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2502.20473","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2502.20473/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T10:21:33Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"f7ECtiXv81olDCxpvhDVjlINM4AYBwCrv2Gcdya/FSi3XMHeuN/0JWrSLajMfEzj61FZ7332Y+KTCCqhJbGcCg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-07T02:30:07.338036Z"},"content_sha256":"a06572b934fe8a9aee18155a16395fc90058229a877edc6a26185c94e57336df","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:a06572b934fe8a9aee18155a16395fc90058229a877edc6a26185c94e57336df"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/SDND5XTCXA4WFED73525P274WG/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/SDND5XTCXA4WFED73525P274WG/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/SDND5XTCXA4WFED73525P274WG/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-07T02:30:07Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/SDND5XTCXA4WFED73525P274WG","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/SDND5XTCXA4WFED73525P274WG/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/SDND5XTCXA4WFED73525P274WG/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/SDND5XTCXA4WFED73525P274WG/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2025:SDND5XTCXA4WFED73525P274WG","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"4de14e3ab3ff985d25ea4a3f07b0bc27aeaf378b86df420c0f431c2ba3d04be1","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"math.OC","submitted_at":"2025-02-27T19:19:56Z","title_canon_sha256":"391c942f9c6ae4ae84db1e542c152257155f83c837173266e9553ddf445233d2"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2502.20473","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2502.20473","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:21:33Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2502.20473v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:21:33Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2502.20473","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:21:33Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"SDND5XTCXA4W","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:21:33Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"SDND5XTCXA4WFED7","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:21:33Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"SDND5XTC","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:21:33Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:a06572b934fe8a9aee18155a16395fc90058229a877edc6a26185c94e57336df","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:21:33Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2502.20473/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"False Data Injection (FDI) attacks are a significant threat to modern power systems. Although numerous research studies have focused on FDI attacks on power systems, these studies have primarily concentrated on designing or detecting DC FDI attacks, with less attention given to the impact analysis of AC FDI attacks. AC FDI attacks are potentially more harmful as they can easily bypass bad data detection (BDD) algorithms. In this paper, we present a unified approach to investigate the impact of AC FDI attacks on power transmission lines using the PowerWorld simulator. We also investigate the im","authors_text":"Mohammad Rasoul Narimani, Mohammadreza Iranpour","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"math.OC","submitted_at":"2025-02-27T19:19:56Z","title":"Analyzing the Impact of AC False Data Injection Attacks on Power System Operation"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2502.20473","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:c94e49be0c199065c478284a515e31158b982f689445290ebad246b8fe080b04","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:21:33Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"4de14e3ab3ff985d25ea4a3f07b0bc27aeaf378b86df420c0f431c2ba3d04be1","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"math.OC","submitted_at":"2025-02-27T19:19:56Z","title_canon_sha256":"391c942f9c6ae4ae84db1e542c152257155f83c837173266e9553ddf445233d2"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2502.20473","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"90da3ede62b83962907fdf75d7ebfcb1b2cd51c68a36bf16edcf5aa0de3f499a","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"90da3ede62b83962907fdf75d7ebfcb1b2cd51c68a36bf16edcf5aa0de3f499a","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T10:21:33.568562Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T10:21:33.568562Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"fXtuVoLb7MVubzW9tZ4aUJJYZxoPFlIHj7j9qbc2zO/Q5miQ1dbpW4s7TU30xW5H8G8RlHxEv5Ztn53g3YoaAA==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T10:21:33.569188Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2502.20473","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:c94e49be0c199065c478284a515e31158b982f689445290ebad246b8fe080b04","sha256:a06572b934fe8a9aee18155a16395fc90058229a877edc6a26185c94e57336df"],"state_sha256":"28c4c59563c1c74997ce7ba10a8060e65a287257bcbce8811c9cb7b7c4490648"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"gNtg2zcEn7vJVrg8xkAcFdCdaVVmMTl1Nw2qq3Ampsn8lkm+z+zCS+jpGXK0ZMznhsKnrL7W3ZsEOjYu899HBg==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-07T02:30:07.341407Z","bundle_sha256":"70c0a4912c33f329610d23578aa9ec27e79bea07580c2df9009eca4fd3b80874"}}