{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2021:SESQ2VTPVEJNT3SX5NLHKXAOX3","short_pith_number":"pith:SESQ2VTP","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2102.08436","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.SI","submitted_at":"2021-02-16T20:18:59Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CY"],"title_canon_sha256":"57a94b907e2db5e233a7f10b7c8ad15a6173fb4c5057f4869547724a363d9477","abstract_canon_sha256":"411ec9da842940b459948bde120ee8c293d85717fef4090ef718ec2f98938433"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"91250d566fa912d9ee57eb56755c0ebef619c8e3ba1f926d37fb250888404043","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2102.08436","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2102.08436","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:16:02Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2102.08436v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:16:02Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2102.08436","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:16:02Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"SESQ2VTPVEJN","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:16:02Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"SESQ2VTPVEJNT3SX","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:16:02Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"SESQ2VTP","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:16:02Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2021:SESQ2VTPVEJNT3SX5NLHKXAOX3","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2102.08436","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.SI","submitted_at":"2021-02-16T20:18:59Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CY"],"title_canon_sha256":"57a94b907e2db5e233a7f10b7c8ad15a6173fb4c5057f4869547724a363d9477","abstract_canon_sha256":"411ec9da842940b459948bde120ee8c293d85717fef4090ef718ec2f98938433"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"91250d566fa912d9ee57eb56755c0ebef619c8e3ba1f926d37fb250888404043","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T02:16:02.912084Z","signature_b64":"Gr8DIPvD1hCSWOh4rXQSRM3BkOS1C5rQldLeSSriC107ID6P9KPHOuiKKTgkAYAcQSgFYw3cNbJUJx9uiwuLAQ==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"91250d566fa912d9ee57eb56755c0ebef619c8e3ba1f926d37fb250888404043","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T02:16:02.911640Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T02:16:02.911640Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2102.08436","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T02:16:02Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"rfKLwm11Lk+0a3558lkyAWzYsEEG7sxUajoEUeWXS2h53nOprDys1S2U3m3I9Iswj7IwZYbhcY0NJnwTQ08ADA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-06T06:52:18.567633Z"},"content_sha256":"f6e76976c0f82c74f73c6f5d1b39e246eeaf4d646fdaac19c1c73fe1f54f624b","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:f6e76976c0f82c74f73c6f5d1b39e246eeaf4d646fdaac19c1c73fe1f54f624b"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2021:SESQ2VTPVEJNT3SX5NLHKXAOX3","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Social Bots and Social Media Manipulation in 2020: The Year in Review","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.CY"],"primary_cat":"cs.SI","authors_text":"Emilio Ferrara, Emily Chen, Goran Muric, Ho-Chun Herbert Chang, Meiqing Zhang","submitted_at":"2021-02-16T20:18:59Z","abstract_excerpt":"The year 2020 will be remembered for two events of global significance: the COVID-19 pandemic and 2020 U.S. Presidential Election. In this chapter, we summarize recent studies using large public Twitter data sets on these issues. We have three primary objectives. First, we delineate epistemological and practical considerations when combining the traditions of computational research and social science research. A sensible balance should be struck when the stakes are high between advancing social theory and concrete, timely reporting of ongoing events. We additionally comment on the computationa"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2102.08436","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2102.08436/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T02:16:02Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"ii/WPj1aDNTV+qaQf4OTRzCjTq/Xb8RYJ+rBwUr89/iRxMz0Q23mc0hAn9xVuZGi3u+Lb6i+k0ysU9eIBj4mCQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-06T06:52:18.568570Z"},"content_sha256":"769fdba29f59cad03e3c043bcadbc99101235c4500f6dbe0c1545afcd520f083","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:769fdba29f59cad03e3c043bcadbc99101235c4500f6dbe0c1545afcd520f083"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/SESQ2VTPVEJNT3SX5NLHKXAOX3/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/SESQ2VTPVEJNT3SX5NLHKXAOX3/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/SESQ2VTPVEJNT3SX5NLHKXAOX3/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-06T06:52:18Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/SESQ2VTPVEJNT3SX5NLHKXAOX3","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/SESQ2VTPVEJNT3SX5NLHKXAOX3/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/SESQ2VTPVEJNT3SX5NLHKXAOX3/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/SESQ2VTPVEJNT3SX5NLHKXAOX3/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2021:SESQ2VTPVEJNT3SX5NLHKXAOX3","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"411ec9da842940b459948bde120ee8c293d85717fef4090ef718ec2f98938433","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CY"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.SI","submitted_at":"2021-02-16T20:18:59Z","title_canon_sha256":"57a94b907e2db5e233a7f10b7c8ad15a6173fb4c5057f4869547724a363d9477"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2102.08436","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2102.08436","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:16:02Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2102.08436v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:16:02Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2102.08436","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:16:02Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"SESQ2VTPVEJN","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:16:02Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"SESQ2VTPVEJNT3SX","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:16:02Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"SESQ2VTP","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:16:02Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:769fdba29f59cad03e3c043bcadbc99101235c4500f6dbe0c1545afcd520f083","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:16:02Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2102.08436/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"The year 2020 will be remembered for two events of global significance: the COVID-19 pandemic and 2020 U.S. Presidential Election. In this chapter, we summarize recent studies using large public Twitter data sets on these issues. We have three primary objectives. First, we delineate epistemological and practical considerations when combining the traditions of computational research and social science research. A sensible balance should be struck when the stakes are high between advancing social theory and concrete, timely reporting of ongoing events. We additionally comment on the computationa","authors_text":"Emilio Ferrara, Emily Chen, Goran Muric, Ho-Chun Herbert Chang, Meiqing Zhang","cross_cats":["cs.CY"],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.SI","submitted_at":"2021-02-16T20:18:59Z","title":"Social Bots and Social Media Manipulation in 2020: The Year in Review"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2102.08436","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:f6e76976c0f82c74f73c6f5d1b39e246eeaf4d646fdaac19c1c73fe1f54f624b","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:16:02Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"411ec9da842940b459948bde120ee8c293d85717fef4090ef718ec2f98938433","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CY"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.SI","submitted_at":"2021-02-16T20:18:59Z","title_canon_sha256":"57a94b907e2db5e233a7f10b7c8ad15a6173fb4c5057f4869547724a363d9477"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2102.08436","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"91250d566fa912d9ee57eb56755c0ebef619c8e3ba1f926d37fb250888404043","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"91250d566fa912d9ee57eb56755c0ebef619c8e3ba1f926d37fb250888404043","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T02:16:02.911640Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T02:16:02.911640Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"Gr8DIPvD1hCSWOh4rXQSRM3BkOS1C5rQldLeSSriC107ID6P9KPHOuiKKTgkAYAcQSgFYw3cNbJUJx9uiwuLAQ==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T02:16:02.912084Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2102.08436","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:f6e76976c0f82c74f73c6f5d1b39e246eeaf4d646fdaac19c1c73fe1f54f624b","sha256:769fdba29f59cad03e3c043bcadbc99101235c4500f6dbe0c1545afcd520f083"],"state_sha256":"64f33c1905e59cb9039eb5517636090baf3adc4a155a056b103c05979b257c5f"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"1PQ4BwQNqWpYBaE3mYkimPsbrzUlHUvTM6b1DHl9rq5bM/lOAs3IuuJKPufIsc9nbtqu1hvfNKLEcm+77WcHCA==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-06T06:52:18.575344Z","bundle_sha256":"a5f652b829eb62b653ec57a1f2aab94a4787b59a1714449822679a17b3aa9057"}}