{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:1997:SGLKXM6TY6EJKQYIDU6NBPNOBE","short_pith_number":"pith:SGLKXM6T","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"astro-ph/9710043","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"","primary_cat":"astro-ph","submitted_at":"1997-10-03T19:17:17Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"b8970473120ac537efd4b773fad5d355eca9508ded36311161a866353ae7c2fd","abstract_canon_sha256":"0ed3cd233f68224e410c26baebd73c6456d256ec9f0e4e73dd9a885d6a4ded12"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"9196abb3d3c7889543081d3cd0bdae09048d70c1cd1bce19dff11899fd4ef847","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"astro-ph/9710043","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"astro-ph/9710043","created_at":"2026-07-04T14:15:18Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"astro-ph/9710043v1","created_at":"2026-07-04T14:15:18Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.astro-ph/9710043","created_at":"2026-07-04T14:15:18Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"SGLKXM6TY6EJ","created_at":"2026-07-04T14:15:18Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"SGLKXM6TY6EJKQYI","created_at":"2026-07-04T14:15:18Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"SGLKXM6T","created_at":"2026-07-04T14:15:18Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:1997:SGLKXM6TY6EJKQYIDU6NBPNOBE","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"astro-ph/9710043","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"","primary_cat":"astro-ph","submitted_at":"1997-10-03T19:17:17Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"b8970473120ac537efd4b773fad5d355eca9508ded36311161a866353ae7c2fd","abstract_canon_sha256":"0ed3cd233f68224e410c26baebd73c6456d256ec9f0e4e73dd9a885d6a4ded12"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"9196abb3d3c7889543081d3cd0bdae09048d70c1cd1bce19dff11899fd4ef847","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-04T14:15:18.225251Z","signature_b64":"qRtewdvtDT2QvsuGv9yjhrsnzzgJ0kQbPhwVfPijggoHEtPVd0Mprs0PhIrsp5ohRYvsQrFZaVaN/9e2uxmeCQ==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"9196abb3d3c7889543081d3cd0bdae09048d70c1cd1bce19dff11899fd4ef847","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-04T14:15:18.224854Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-04T14:15:18.224854Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"astro-ph/9710043","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-04T14:15:18Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"shOUkzvK1IEI0mErRIDRMHJ8TYVB6yOyNPrm49e28wA5uKudHCcYFT+Saivw5+jSjGkQU4Pm9xy6nTs+BR3mAg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-17T04:29:54.858525Z"},"content_sha256":"33b46e38812ee53c8d81ad6be641a2fb4811ab1f03114ca83017000df4f98b27","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:33b46e38812ee53c8d81ad6be641a2fb4811ab1f03114ca83017000df4f98b27"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:1997:SGLKXM6TY6EJKQYIDU6NBPNOBE","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Time stepping N-body simulations","license":"","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"astro-ph","authors_text":"George Lake, Joachim Stadel, Neal Katz, Thomas Quinn","submitted_at":"1997-10-03T19:17:17Z","abstract_excerpt":"Leapfrog integration has been the method of choice in N-body simulations owing to its low computational cost for a symplectic integrator with second order accuracy. We introduce a new leapfrog integrator that allows for variable timesteps for each particle in large N-body simulations. Tests with single particles in fixed potentials show that it behaves as a symplectic integrator.\n  We then examine the results of both standard leapfrog and our temporally adaptive leapfrog on full N-body integrations of clusters and large scale structure establishing accuracy criteria for both methods. The adapt"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"astro-ph/9710043","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/astro-ph/9710043/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-04T14:15:18Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"WEIu8i/c1pLUYUwjoT2EdD0ezvgRtBuTiGt3gQWjqh5sZxxrJbXj9Lq3668plZvRd0F7Bk75E5rvlL9tsv5qAg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-17T04:29:54.859387Z"},"content_sha256":"92ea0fb0300a76fae7c09ae120937d78e2fa012ccf67b14d7c8ea21c6b48bed2","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:92ea0fb0300a76fae7c09ae120937d78e2fa012ccf67b14d7c8ea21c6b48bed2"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/SGLKXM6TY6EJKQYIDU6NBPNOBE/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/SGLKXM6TY6EJKQYIDU6NBPNOBE/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/SGLKXM6TY6EJKQYIDU6NBPNOBE/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-17T04:29:54Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/SGLKXM6TY6EJKQYIDU6NBPNOBE","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/SGLKXM6TY6EJKQYIDU6NBPNOBE/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/SGLKXM6TY6EJKQYIDU6NBPNOBE/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/SGLKXM6TY6EJKQYIDU6NBPNOBE/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:1997:SGLKXM6TY6EJKQYIDU6NBPNOBE","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"0ed3cd233f68224e410c26baebd73c6456d256ec9f0e4e73dd9a885d6a4ded12","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"","primary_cat":"astro-ph","submitted_at":"1997-10-03T19:17:17Z","title_canon_sha256":"b8970473120ac537efd4b773fad5d355eca9508ded36311161a866353ae7c2fd"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"astro-ph/9710043","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"astro-ph/9710043","created_at":"2026-07-04T14:15:18Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"astro-ph/9710043v1","created_at":"2026-07-04T14:15:18Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.astro-ph/9710043","created_at":"2026-07-04T14:15:18Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"SGLKXM6TY6EJ","created_at":"2026-07-04T14:15:18Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"SGLKXM6TY6EJKQYI","created_at":"2026-07-04T14:15:18Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"SGLKXM6T","created_at":"2026-07-04T14:15:18Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:92ea0fb0300a76fae7c09ae120937d78e2fa012ccf67b14d7c8ea21c6b48bed2","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-04T14:15:18Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/astro-ph/9710043/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Leapfrog integration has been the method of choice in N-body simulations owing to its low computational cost for a symplectic integrator with second order accuracy. We introduce a new leapfrog integrator that allows for variable timesteps for each particle in large N-body simulations. Tests with single particles in fixed potentials show that it behaves as a symplectic integrator.\n  We then examine the results of both standard leapfrog and our temporally adaptive leapfrog on full N-body integrations of clusters and large scale structure establishing accuracy criteria for both methods. The adapt","authors_text":"George Lake, Joachim Stadel, Neal Katz, Thomas Quinn","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"","primary_cat":"astro-ph","submitted_at":"1997-10-03T19:17:17Z","title":"Time stepping N-body simulations"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"astro-ph/9710043","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:33b46e38812ee53c8d81ad6be641a2fb4811ab1f03114ca83017000df4f98b27","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-04T14:15:18Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"0ed3cd233f68224e410c26baebd73c6456d256ec9f0e4e73dd9a885d6a4ded12","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"","primary_cat":"astro-ph","submitted_at":"1997-10-03T19:17:17Z","title_canon_sha256":"b8970473120ac537efd4b773fad5d355eca9508ded36311161a866353ae7c2fd"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"astro-ph/9710043","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"9196abb3d3c7889543081d3cd0bdae09048d70c1cd1bce19dff11899fd4ef847","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"9196abb3d3c7889543081d3cd0bdae09048d70c1cd1bce19dff11899fd4ef847","first_computed_at":"2026-07-04T14:15:18.224854Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-04T14:15:18.224854Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"qRtewdvtDT2QvsuGv9yjhrsnzzgJ0kQbPhwVfPijggoHEtPVd0Mprs0PhIrsp5ohRYvsQrFZaVaN/9e2uxmeCQ==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-04T14:15:18.225251Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"astro-ph/9710043","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:33b46e38812ee53c8d81ad6be641a2fb4811ab1f03114ca83017000df4f98b27","sha256:92ea0fb0300a76fae7c09ae120937d78e2fa012ccf67b14d7c8ea21c6b48bed2"],"state_sha256":"19caedeb1a8c74fc33f0984a025db5d025b14d831c05102de6e46b00279c5c4e"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"kFqHSZv18bdTCgNWWohlQI2EIgILQba+nQo6L2uUHtSU2bRLlyozIwc2vyH5iDyFDU+i9ZZ/ql/czzhG8OP7AQ==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-17T04:29:54.865768Z","bundle_sha256":"9ee13c538309584b7c339de9f8d3b1387398daf13c68298775b4ba1caccfa00f"}}