{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2018:SIU6GSQZDBU77VMCNHBEF3HZ5M","short_pith_number":"pith:SIU6GSQZ","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1806.00452","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.ed-ph","submitted_at":"2018-06-01T17:18:26Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"cac151e065aa0f249fb1a030360909c731256de37e453785777978d3284c10a1","abstract_canon_sha256":"27e5f35999a09524937ba2a78dbc57c6a9731dab1d8a486aad461cedff5d9e46"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"9229e34a191869ffd58269c242ecf9eb38c09de39594fa363695a1c88dfb168a","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1806.00452","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1806.00452","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:14:23Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1806.00452v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:14:23Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1806.00452","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:14:23Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"SIU6GSQZDBU7","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:53Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"SIU6GSQZDBU77VMC","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:53Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"SIU6GSQZ","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:53Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2018:SIU6GSQZDBU77VMCNHBEF3HZ5M","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1806.00452","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.ed-ph","submitted_at":"2018-06-01T17:18:26Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"cac151e065aa0f249fb1a030360909c731256de37e453785777978d3284c10a1","abstract_canon_sha256":"27e5f35999a09524937ba2a78dbc57c6a9731dab1d8a486aad461cedff5d9e46"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"9229e34a191869ffd58269c242ecf9eb38c09de39594fa363695a1c88dfb168a","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T00:14:23.577060Z","signature_b64":"7AP/t6YhSc4zRkI4GZkiGFTwous2PZmyS2/9qlrpWV74sb90TeQ7IQPyTPHAYKK/UJzXGJR37ihqfsd9E0afAw==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"9229e34a191869ffd58269c242ecf9eb38c09de39594fa363695a1c88dfb168a","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T00:14:23.576366Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T00:14:23.576366Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1806.00452","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T00:14:23Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"lNmYkUWXHUPBYJPohmYn0U1Xu+00tyUr9QUx5TyiSsGaEF5uTU3LOFSYHZhwGayoj0o0xcWMY6dgTS5EczQrAA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-11T11:43:33.778910Z"},"content_sha256":"0ba43cc7ca5c635d3467846f3facda0afa68f8ab089adf088d9298b52c855afb","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:0ba43cc7ca5c635d3467846f3facda0afa68f8ab089adf088d9298b52c855afb"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2018:SIU6GSQZDBU77VMCNHBEF3HZ5M","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Lecture-Tutorials in Introductory Astronomy","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"physics.ed-ph","authors_text":"Colin S. Wallace, Edward E. Prather","submitted_at":"2018-06-01T17:18:26Z","abstract_excerpt":"The Lecture-Tutorials for Introductory Astronomy have been designed to help introductory astronomy instructors actively engage their students in developing their conceptual understandings and reasoning abilities across a wide range of astrophysical topics. The development of the Lecture-Tutorials has been informed by nearly two-decades of research into common learning difficulties students experience when studying astronomy. The results from multiple studies provide evidence that Lecture-Tutorials can help students achieve learning gains well beyond what is typically achieved by lecture alone."},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1806.00452","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T00:14:23Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"VkjIMvPd1HLoAwNPJ/iLX7JAz7n+rSp7u1Fn9PNkDVrv2Z2HKiIrWitDTdX1Tbx2pGMpzpBa42KD7aVhrPXbCg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-11T11:43:33.779570Z"},"content_sha256":"4202496a60d252654a97f8cb4d0b61ab737b3d8818959418617f59a8eacca7e2","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:4202496a60d252654a97f8cb4d0b61ab737b3d8818959418617f59a8eacca7e2"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/SIU6GSQZDBU77VMCNHBEF3HZ5M/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/SIU6GSQZDBU77VMCNHBEF3HZ5M/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/SIU6GSQZDBU77VMCNHBEF3HZ5M/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-06-11T11:43:33Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/SIU6GSQZDBU77VMCNHBEF3HZ5M","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/SIU6GSQZDBU77VMCNHBEF3HZ5M/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/SIU6GSQZDBU77VMCNHBEF3HZ5M/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/SIU6GSQZDBU77VMCNHBEF3HZ5M/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2018:SIU6GSQZDBU77VMCNHBEF3HZ5M","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"27e5f35999a09524937ba2a78dbc57c6a9731dab1d8a486aad461cedff5d9e46","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.ed-ph","submitted_at":"2018-06-01T17:18:26Z","title_canon_sha256":"cac151e065aa0f249fb1a030360909c731256de37e453785777978d3284c10a1"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1806.00452","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1806.00452","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:14:23Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1806.00452v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:14:23Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1806.00452","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:14:23Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"SIU6GSQZDBU7","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:53Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"SIU6GSQZDBU77VMC","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:53Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"SIU6GSQZ","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:53Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:4202496a60d252654a97f8cb4d0b61ab737b3d8818959418617f59a8eacca7e2","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:14:23Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"The Lecture-Tutorials for Introductory Astronomy have been designed to help introductory astronomy instructors actively engage their students in developing their conceptual understandings and reasoning abilities across a wide range of astrophysical topics. The development of the Lecture-Tutorials has been informed by nearly two-decades of research into common learning difficulties students experience when studying astronomy. The results from multiple studies provide evidence that Lecture-Tutorials can help students achieve learning gains well beyond what is typically achieved by lecture alone.","authors_text":"Colin S. Wallace, Edward E. Prather","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.ed-ph","submitted_at":"2018-06-01T17:18:26Z","title":"Lecture-Tutorials in Introductory Astronomy"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1806.00452","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:0ba43cc7ca5c635d3467846f3facda0afa68f8ab089adf088d9298b52c855afb","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:14:23Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"27e5f35999a09524937ba2a78dbc57c6a9731dab1d8a486aad461cedff5d9e46","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.ed-ph","submitted_at":"2018-06-01T17:18:26Z","title_canon_sha256":"cac151e065aa0f249fb1a030360909c731256de37e453785777978d3284c10a1"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1806.00452","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"9229e34a191869ffd58269c242ecf9eb38c09de39594fa363695a1c88dfb168a","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"9229e34a191869ffd58269c242ecf9eb38c09de39594fa363695a1c88dfb168a","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T00:14:23.576366Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T00:14:23.576366Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"7AP/t6YhSc4zRkI4GZkiGFTwous2PZmyS2/9qlrpWV74sb90TeQ7IQPyTPHAYKK/UJzXGJR37ihqfsd9E0afAw==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T00:14:23.577060Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1806.00452","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:0ba43cc7ca5c635d3467846f3facda0afa68f8ab089adf088d9298b52c855afb","sha256:4202496a60d252654a97f8cb4d0b61ab737b3d8818959418617f59a8eacca7e2"],"state_sha256":"e16bc9e08df82d41b5ca0cc3f0ee0992354ad68b8995dc6424e3dc3dd7c81892"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"eQJdD95iei5sihk2JTrHU1DZIcG3fLJg1IHMx6wdota6S6/tfoczPiSdLwTcyq577XicDDrCkZAjXOmz5nrUDA==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-11T11:43:33.783390Z","bundle_sha256":"01b3263cd6a76587cac40dd4086087f2eaceb65b00cbdf30da8d3112df35beb3"}}