{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2021:SNA4YBNFWG35WLVLVWSGYV6WJA","short_pith_number":"pith:SNA4YBNF","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2101.11799","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2021-01-28T03:28:18Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.DC"],"title_canon_sha256":"c62a83d351533226048069bcd005b00908f2e42a70654d91ba33181e0233c27a","abstract_canon_sha256":"cb415be6c4ad8eddf52bd50d4dff6f4aa2f3e16bf438e4183e37f9c6d699a2a4"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"9341cc05a5b1b7db2eabada46c57d6480bdce6d116a491d0d9236f512c14f59d","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2101.11799","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2101.11799","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:10:31Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2101.11799v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:10:31Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2101.11799","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:10:31Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"SNA4YBNFWG35","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:10:31Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"SNA4YBNFWG35WLVL","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:10:31Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"SNA4YBNF","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:10:31Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2021:SNA4YBNFWG35WLVLVWSGYV6WJA","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2101.11799","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2021-01-28T03:28:18Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.DC"],"title_canon_sha256":"c62a83d351533226048069bcd005b00908f2e42a70654d91ba33181e0233c27a","abstract_canon_sha256":"cb415be6c4ad8eddf52bd50d4dff6f4aa2f3e16bf438e4183e37f9c6d699a2a4"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"9341cc05a5b1b7db2eabada46c57d6480bdce6d116a491d0d9236f512c14f59d","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T02:10:31.105175Z","signature_b64":"ghdNdxmzulKBbxuK3n8sE8GPvAc53XZar/pXFVUucTa7S48raixXdjj6+T9aVxGfiMC0z7tOTNKb/Z/vbus+AQ==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"9341cc05a5b1b7db2eabada46c57d6480bdce6d116a491d0d9236f512c14f59d","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T02:10:31.104837Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T02:10:31.104837Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2101.11799","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T02:10:31Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"fIGToS660iRQNps5GfKtetWjnFi/4c4Ig2fYBOunLQ7pJjcHQGUbDDQsw1oBSfdt7oGRGmN2LdwvwkoW9njdCw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-22T05:16:15.679710Z"},"content_sha256":"3f7ce7e634c58a79d77f1760760110f5a5576085d6048d81ce4f8d08f11811db","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:3f7ce7e634c58a79d77f1760760110f5a5576085d6048d81ce4f8d08f11811db"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2021:SNA4YBNFWG35WLVLVWSGYV6WJA","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Covert Model Poisoning Against Federated Learning: Algorithm Design and Optimization","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.DC"],"primary_cat":"cs.LG","authors_text":"Chuan Ma, H. Vincent Poor, Jun Li, Kang Wei, Ming Ding, Yo-Seb Jeon","submitted_at":"2021-01-28T03:28:18Z","abstract_excerpt":"Federated learning (FL), as a type of distributed machine learning frameworks, is vulnerable to external attacks on FL models during parameters transmissions. An attacker in FL may control a number of participant clients, and purposely craft the uploaded model parameters to manipulate system outputs, namely, model poisoning (MP). In this paper, we aim to propose effective MP algorithms to combat state-of-the-art defensive aggregation mechanisms (e.g., Krum and Trimmed mean) implemented at the server without being noticed, i.e., covert MP (CMP). Specifically, we first formulate the MP as an opt"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2101.11799","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2101.11799/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T02:10:31Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"ktQUIOFBrREA1ykFhMHMP7aymNjPCGYJ74uZbuNv012+GhtmC/ULF9F4st2cSgm8Tn7WculGEt2igDLwnQ8ZBg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-22T05:16:15.680342Z"},"content_sha256":"4a793bf927fa7092cbb82d01484efb7cc18cd8939556006c2e572b6bd91a5dbf","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:4a793bf927fa7092cbb82d01484efb7cc18cd8939556006c2e572b6bd91a5dbf"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/SNA4YBNFWG35WLVLVWSGYV6WJA/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/SNA4YBNFWG35WLVLVWSGYV6WJA/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/SNA4YBNFWG35WLVLVWSGYV6WJA/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-22T05:16:15Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/SNA4YBNFWG35WLVLVWSGYV6WJA","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/SNA4YBNFWG35WLVLVWSGYV6WJA/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/SNA4YBNFWG35WLVLVWSGYV6WJA/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/SNA4YBNFWG35WLVLVWSGYV6WJA/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2021:SNA4YBNFWG35WLVLVWSGYV6WJA","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"cb415be6c4ad8eddf52bd50d4dff6f4aa2f3e16bf438e4183e37f9c6d699a2a4","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.DC"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2021-01-28T03:28:18Z","title_canon_sha256":"c62a83d351533226048069bcd005b00908f2e42a70654d91ba33181e0233c27a"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2101.11799","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2101.11799","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:10:31Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2101.11799v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:10:31Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2101.11799","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:10:31Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"SNA4YBNFWG35","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:10:31Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"SNA4YBNFWG35WLVL","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:10:31Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"SNA4YBNF","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:10:31Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:4a793bf927fa7092cbb82d01484efb7cc18cd8939556006c2e572b6bd91a5dbf","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:10:31Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2101.11799/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Federated learning (FL), as a type of distributed machine learning frameworks, is vulnerable to external attacks on FL models during parameters transmissions. An attacker in FL may control a number of participant clients, and purposely craft the uploaded model parameters to manipulate system outputs, namely, model poisoning (MP). In this paper, we aim to propose effective MP algorithms to combat state-of-the-art defensive aggregation mechanisms (e.g., Krum and Trimmed mean) implemented at the server without being noticed, i.e., covert MP (CMP). Specifically, we first formulate the MP as an opt","authors_text":"Chuan Ma, H. Vincent Poor, Jun Li, Kang Wei, Ming Ding, Yo-Seb Jeon","cross_cats":["cs.DC"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2021-01-28T03:28:18Z","title":"Covert Model Poisoning Against Federated Learning: Algorithm Design and Optimization"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2101.11799","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:3f7ce7e634c58a79d77f1760760110f5a5576085d6048d81ce4f8d08f11811db","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:10:31Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"cb415be6c4ad8eddf52bd50d4dff6f4aa2f3e16bf438e4183e37f9c6d699a2a4","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.DC"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2021-01-28T03:28:18Z","title_canon_sha256":"c62a83d351533226048069bcd005b00908f2e42a70654d91ba33181e0233c27a"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2101.11799","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"9341cc05a5b1b7db2eabada46c57d6480bdce6d116a491d0d9236f512c14f59d","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"9341cc05a5b1b7db2eabada46c57d6480bdce6d116a491d0d9236f512c14f59d","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T02:10:31.104837Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T02:10:31.104837Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"ghdNdxmzulKBbxuK3n8sE8GPvAc53XZar/pXFVUucTa7S48raixXdjj6+T9aVxGfiMC0z7tOTNKb/Z/vbus+AQ==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T02:10:31.105175Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2101.11799","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:3f7ce7e634c58a79d77f1760760110f5a5576085d6048d81ce4f8d08f11811db","sha256:4a793bf927fa7092cbb82d01484efb7cc18cd8939556006c2e572b6bd91a5dbf"],"state_sha256":"5de9c6b13a01f2d8b261e1a3e107229d9a0a895d1b2623b0c4f67e5af72dc012"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"socj64GnkBFTJq0r0on4cQvpV9JOqn0OooK26cKrE8y2GHwcvFD7xeJ4YjLMAIZrncGysqUofJDhxMuRea1rAg==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-22T05:16:15.685533Z","bundle_sha256":"a64d300550cc498ead3cc20b03f192a2df53bee5d2225e30602f86e9ca14f5ae"}}