{"record_type":"pith_number_record","schema_url":"https://pith.science/schemas/pith-number/v1.json","pith_number":"pith:2021:SNX344WWHMBAAPCCAC7LXSSVQY","short_pith_number":"pith:SNX344WW","schema_version":"1.0","canonical_sha256":"936fbe72d63b02003c4200bebbca558620f36a0c0578ba82bede761b22378be1","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2106.04726","version":2},"attestation_state":"computed","paper":{"title":"Tiplines to Combat Misinformation on Encrypted Platforms: A Case Study of the 2019 Indian Election on WhatsApp","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.CL","cs.CV"],"primary_cat":"cs.SI","authors_text":"Ashkan Kazemi, Devin Gaffney, Gautam Kishore Shahi, Kiran Garimella, Scott A. Hale","submitted_at":"2021-06-08T23:08:47Z","abstract_excerpt":"There is currently no easy way to fact-check content on WhatsApp and other end-to-end encrypted platforms at scale. In this paper, we analyze the usefulness of a crowd-sourced \"tipline\" through which users can submit content (\"tips\") that they want fact-checked. We compare the tips sent to a WhatsApp tipline run during the 2019 Indian national elections with the messages circulating in large, public groups on WhatsApp and other social media platforms during the same period. We find that tiplines are a very useful lens into WhatsApp conversations: a significant fraction of messages and images s"},"verification_status":{"content_addressed":true,"pith_receipt":true,"author_attested":false,"weak_author_claims":0,"strong_author_claims":0,"externally_anchored":false,"storage_verified":false,"citation_signatures":0,"replication_records":0,"graph_snapshot":true,"references_resolved":false,"formal_links_present":false},"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2106.04726","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.SI","submitted_at":"2021-06-08T23:08:47Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CL","cs.CV"],"title_canon_sha256":"cf4bc7d2a7a0b83354ea40432012754315b9c1d26165ecd934d8aee8a4fc89a3","abstract_canon_sha256":"6be91486c40f4aba6d94c6bee6b7e189108cf97e3a018350e83845ed31d1af17"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T03:00:09.719445Z","signature_b64":"dg+Mdfs18/je1sLtxQ21eBqzijy6NPWinDcPY4DTA53XmlXM7NA0CvjufEiVByzCc9nRbVJlytVDvTPUC3njCw==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"936fbe72d63b02003c4200bebbca558620f36a0c0578ba82bede761b22378be1","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T03:00:09.718896Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T03:00:09.718896Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Tiplines to Combat Misinformation on Encrypted Platforms: A Case Study of the 2019 Indian Election on WhatsApp","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.CL","cs.CV"],"primary_cat":"cs.SI","authors_text":"Ashkan Kazemi, Devin Gaffney, Gautam Kishore Shahi, Kiran Garimella, Scott A. Hale","submitted_at":"2021-06-08T23:08:47Z","abstract_excerpt":"There is currently no easy way to fact-check content on WhatsApp and other end-to-end encrypted platforms at scale. In this paper, we analyze the usefulness of a crowd-sourced \"tipline\" through which users can submit content (\"tips\") that they want fact-checked. We compare the tips sent to a WhatsApp tipline run during the 2019 Indian national elections with the messages circulating in large, public groups on WhatsApp and other social media platforms during the same period. We find that tiplines are a very useful lens into WhatsApp conversations: a significant fraction of messages and images s"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2106.04726","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2106.04726/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2106.04726","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:00:09.718958+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2106.04726v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:00:09.718958+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2106.04726","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:00:09.718958+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"SNX344WWHMBA","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:00:09.718958+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"SNX344WWHMBAAPCC","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:00:09.718958+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"SNX344WW","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:00:09.718958+00:00"}],"events":[],"event_summary":{},"paper_claims":[],"inbound_citations":{"count":0,"internal_anchor_count":0,"sample":[]},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"sample":[],"anchors":[]},"links":{"html":"https://pith.science/pith/SNX344WWHMBAAPCCAC7LXSSVQY","json":"https://pith.science/pith/SNX344WWHMBAAPCCAC7LXSSVQY.json","graph_json":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/SNX344WWHMBAAPCCAC7LXSSVQY/graph.json","events_json":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/SNX344WWHMBAAPCCAC7LXSSVQY/events.json","paper":"https://pith.science/paper/SNX344WW"},"agent_actions":{"view_html":"https://pith.science/pith/SNX344WWHMBAAPCCAC7LXSSVQY","download_json":"https://pith.science/pith/SNX344WWHMBAAPCCAC7LXSSVQY.json","view_paper":"https://pith.science/paper/SNX344WW","resolve_alias":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/resolve?arxiv=2106.04726&json=true","fetch_graph":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/SNX344WWHMBAAPCCAC7LXSSVQY/graph.json","fetch_events":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/SNX344WWHMBAAPCCAC7LXSSVQY/events.json","actions":{"anchor_timestamp":"https://pith.science/pith/SNX344WWHMBAAPCCAC7LXSSVQY/action/timestamp_anchor","attest_storage":"https://pith.science/pith/SNX344WWHMBAAPCCAC7LXSSVQY/action/storage_attestation","attest_author":"https://pith.science/pith/SNX344WWHMBAAPCCAC7LXSSVQY/action/author_attestation","sign_citation":"https://pith.science/pith/SNX344WWHMBAAPCCAC7LXSSVQY/action/citation_signature","submit_replication":"https://pith.science/pith/SNX344WWHMBAAPCCAC7LXSSVQY/action/replication_record"}},"created_at":"2026-07-05T03:00:09.718958+00:00","updated_at":"2026-07-05T03:00:09.718958+00:00"}