{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2021:SNZHXU3JGQLOJJW5BSC5Z4CJ64","short_pith_number":"pith:SNZHXU3J","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2103.01319","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2021-03-01T21:37:54Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI"],"title_canon_sha256":"85f3bdd1b5565948fc797d080f4381b5966e4ab844f1849af46764693d77bb04","abstract_canon_sha256":"5c90613208e18723953ef4758df976565a5096b3b95e9abb5382ebe317cdfa22"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"93727bd3693416e4a6dd0c85dcf049f7348f47ef4ba21d5f8831cd54c61355ac","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2103.01319","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2103.01319","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:19:16Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2103.01319v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:19:16Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2103.01319","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:19:16Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"SNZHXU3JGQLO","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:19:16Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"SNZHXU3JGQLOJJW5","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:19:16Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"SNZHXU3J","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:19:16Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2021:SNZHXU3JGQLOJJW5BSC5Z4CJ64","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2103.01319","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2021-03-01T21:37:54Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI"],"title_canon_sha256":"85f3bdd1b5565948fc797d080f4381b5966e4ab844f1849af46764693d77bb04","abstract_canon_sha256":"5c90613208e18723953ef4758df976565a5096b3b95e9abb5382ebe317cdfa22"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"93727bd3693416e4a6dd0c85dcf049f7348f47ef4ba21d5f8831cd54c61355ac","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T02:19:16.873089Z","signature_b64":"EAcqBFdvgoXWM0LdkbyFFmYbUth5RJeB2ssGhtzCzRkjGWLNcRqYAkwwLAosQ3rqaoclsLIRDrrN5o4fOUIQAQ==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"93727bd3693416e4a6dd0c85dcf049f7348f47ef4ba21d5f8831cd54c61355ac","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T02:19:16.872716Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T02:19:16.872716Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2103.01319","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T02:19:16Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"TIm/urabTYW+utJwu/3hwo9kDSDaYMlIr4WjSsJdhBXS1cDW3DMVEGeQzCaioWrOzD3v5BuEjlyVsz5NMGb6AQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-10T20:20:35.892042Z"},"content_sha256":"53c10113eb51adf2f5a772a502ae08a82a4e0a4beb1f189289c7792ccced2d72","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:53c10113eb51adf2f5a772a502ae08a82a4e0a4beb1f189289c7792ccced2d72"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2021:SNZHXU3JGQLOJJW5BSC5Z4CJ64","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Adversarial training in communication constrained federated learning","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.AI"],"primary_cat":"cs.LG","authors_text":"Ashish Verma, Devansh Shah, Parijat Dube, Supriyo Chakraborty","submitted_at":"2021-03-01T21:37:54Z","abstract_excerpt":"Federated learning enables model training over a distributed corpus of agent data. However, the trained model is vulnerable to adversarial examples, designed to elicit misclassification. We study the feasibility of using adversarial training (AT) in the federated learning setting. Furthermore, we do so assuming a fixed communication budget and non-iid data distribution between participating agents. We observe a significant drop in both natural and adversarial accuracies when AT is used in the federated setting as opposed to centralized training. We attribute this to the number of epochs of AT "},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2103.01319","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2103.01319/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T02:19:16Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"tYGCsl3OK6naCOZv77XSNoVn//v8wAbz7pfAe/3G/rys5HxPPpx9i+N+YVolgOWpMVgt4QzxMVH9vO2/EPMbCQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-10T20:20:35.892583Z"},"content_sha256":"fcd88df8a2d565842f96f4ced4e476ddd8358fdad161658dd29adfad509db84d","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:fcd88df8a2d565842f96f4ced4e476ddd8358fdad161658dd29adfad509db84d"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/SNZHXU3JGQLOJJW5BSC5Z4CJ64/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/SNZHXU3JGQLOJJW5BSC5Z4CJ64/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/SNZHXU3JGQLOJJW5BSC5Z4CJ64/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-10T20:20:35Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/SNZHXU3JGQLOJJW5BSC5Z4CJ64","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/SNZHXU3JGQLOJJW5BSC5Z4CJ64/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/SNZHXU3JGQLOJJW5BSC5Z4CJ64/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/SNZHXU3JGQLOJJW5BSC5Z4CJ64/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2021:SNZHXU3JGQLOJJW5BSC5Z4CJ64","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"5c90613208e18723953ef4758df976565a5096b3b95e9abb5382ebe317cdfa22","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2021-03-01T21:37:54Z","title_canon_sha256":"85f3bdd1b5565948fc797d080f4381b5966e4ab844f1849af46764693d77bb04"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2103.01319","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2103.01319","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:19:16Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2103.01319v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:19:16Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2103.01319","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:19:16Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"SNZHXU3JGQLO","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:19:16Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"SNZHXU3JGQLOJJW5","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:19:16Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"SNZHXU3J","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:19:16Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:fcd88df8a2d565842f96f4ced4e476ddd8358fdad161658dd29adfad509db84d","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:19:16Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2103.01319/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Federated learning enables model training over a distributed corpus of agent data. However, the trained model is vulnerable to adversarial examples, designed to elicit misclassification. We study the feasibility of using adversarial training (AT) in the federated learning setting. Furthermore, we do so assuming a fixed communication budget and non-iid data distribution between participating agents. We observe a significant drop in both natural and adversarial accuracies when AT is used in the federated setting as opposed to centralized training. We attribute this to the number of epochs of AT ","authors_text":"Ashish Verma, Devansh Shah, Parijat Dube, Supriyo Chakraborty","cross_cats":["cs.AI"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2021-03-01T21:37:54Z","title":"Adversarial training in communication constrained federated learning"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2103.01319","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:53c10113eb51adf2f5a772a502ae08a82a4e0a4beb1f189289c7792ccced2d72","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:19:16Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"5c90613208e18723953ef4758df976565a5096b3b95e9abb5382ebe317cdfa22","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2021-03-01T21:37:54Z","title_canon_sha256":"85f3bdd1b5565948fc797d080f4381b5966e4ab844f1849af46764693d77bb04"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2103.01319","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"93727bd3693416e4a6dd0c85dcf049f7348f47ef4ba21d5f8831cd54c61355ac","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"93727bd3693416e4a6dd0c85dcf049f7348f47ef4ba21d5f8831cd54c61355ac","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T02:19:16.872716Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T02:19:16.872716Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"EAcqBFdvgoXWM0LdkbyFFmYbUth5RJeB2ssGhtzCzRkjGWLNcRqYAkwwLAosQ3rqaoclsLIRDrrN5o4fOUIQAQ==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T02:19:16.873089Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2103.01319","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:53c10113eb51adf2f5a772a502ae08a82a4e0a4beb1f189289c7792ccced2d72","sha256:fcd88df8a2d565842f96f4ced4e476ddd8358fdad161658dd29adfad509db84d"],"state_sha256":"301a78e079371cd79c29df432301787b5c8fe3a7ad9bf7824ce0c4a2ec4bda6e"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"IwqJ84QwNzG9Q4bXY0Q5gPlqG6OW2wW5Q7vWFUiGRtBes3Nf8P5thJPgDoeq3c32HrIgY5PAIEfCsM1ManvvBg==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-10T20:20:35.898122Z","bundle_sha256":"4af600066565584cc67522df3c9b0fb8b3086d31c39a01c1ed0a9fd45f701125"}}