{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2021:SPH5YP6JDTQREUJHKQGXK4SFGU","short_pith_number":"pith:SPH5YP6J","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2111.00340","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2021-10-30T21:10:56Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CY"],"title_canon_sha256":"2e926b9f1d53a7f474ece25361b0cbc8dcb65c84a59170d485600a73a506a3d9","abstract_canon_sha256":"6f6939aa825098cdcf3d29065f700d788eea31e81c351d89860cf849129f2c8a"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"93cfdc3fc91ce1125127540d75724535127c48caa0d33e580bd58f19c9bae03e","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2111.00340","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2111.00340","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:27:41Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2111.00340v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:27:41Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2111.00340","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:27:41Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"SPH5YP6JDTQR","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:27:41Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"SPH5YP6JDTQREUJH","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:27:41Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"SPH5YP6J","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:27:41Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2021:SPH5YP6JDTQREUJHKQGXK4SFGU","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2111.00340","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2021-10-30T21:10:56Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CY"],"title_canon_sha256":"2e926b9f1d53a7f474ece25361b0cbc8dcb65c84a59170d485600a73a506a3d9","abstract_canon_sha256":"6f6939aa825098cdcf3d29065f700d788eea31e81c351d89860cf849129f2c8a"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"93cfdc3fc91ce1125127540d75724535127c48caa0d33e580bd58f19c9bae03e","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T03:27:41.497079Z","signature_b64":"cbip8BnJ7fE5ikQCr6+Xg3q+6At06Mkg4+D2F2V1quqJLbngw7T6iAJS0zNHpT5Jh51b7jb/F8WEbpgpVgnnAQ==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"93cfdc3fc91ce1125127540d75724535127c48caa0d33e580bd58f19c9bae03e","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T03:27:41.496632Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T03:27:41.496632Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2111.00340","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T03:27:41Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"Y7jSRB6BMyxAB9eJDgY+bIJh78h6/Nz87ABmScdqWZa2sBFCg8KhUkqT2F2qzI9ySvxy5fjJ7ntxTBBtffupDQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-15T19:39:05.055236Z"},"content_sha256":"94aaaa472f77e43b08ec9add8559f3106b26c6f89cc287c4b5719cfb9721cb34","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:94aaaa472f77e43b08ec9add8559f3106b26c6f89cc287c4b5719cfb9721cb34"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2021:SPH5YP6JDTQREUJHKQGXK4SFGU","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Identifying and mitigating bias in algorithms used to manage patients in a pandemic","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.CY"],"primary_cat":"cs.LG","authors_text":"David Rosenberg, Douglas Kondziolka, Eric Karl Oermann, Garrett Yoon, Mustafa Nasir-Moin, Sean Neifert, Yifan Li","submitted_at":"2021-10-30T21:10:56Z","abstract_excerpt":"Numerous COVID-19 clinical decision support systems have been developed. However many of these systems do not have the merit for validity due to methodological shortcomings including algorithmic bias. Methods Logistic regression models were created to predict COVID-19 mortality, ventilator status and inpatient status using a real-world dataset consisting of four hospitals in New York City and analyzed for biases against race, gender and age. Simple thresholding adjustments were applied in the training process to establish more equitable models. Results Compared to the naively trained models, t"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2111.00340","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2111.00340/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T03:27:41Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"V57j4iVsQzJivc+kgj/cuHwk7Y3Kgw59aQZl5HDgmliW7UW6yXr8EbPewm+xTI2K2mY1Pu6U0uPkl5YTc8XtDw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-15T19:39:05.056182Z"},"content_sha256":"16b9d32fbaca6c5676076093baf6fbbd8b4156c66cc93b912427eb36cac51787","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:16b9d32fbaca6c5676076093baf6fbbd8b4156c66cc93b912427eb36cac51787"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/SPH5YP6JDTQREUJHKQGXK4SFGU/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/SPH5YP6JDTQREUJHKQGXK4SFGU/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/SPH5YP6JDTQREUJHKQGXK4SFGU/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-15T19:39:05Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/SPH5YP6JDTQREUJHKQGXK4SFGU","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/SPH5YP6JDTQREUJHKQGXK4SFGU/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/SPH5YP6JDTQREUJHKQGXK4SFGU/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/SPH5YP6JDTQREUJHKQGXK4SFGU/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2021:SPH5YP6JDTQREUJHKQGXK4SFGU","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"6f6939aa825098cdcf3d29065f700d788eea31e81c351d89860cf849129f2c8a","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CY"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2021-10-30T21:10:56Z","title_canon_sha256":"2e926b9f1d53a7f474ece25361b0cbc8dcb65c84a59170d485600a73a506a3d9"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2111.00340","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2111.00340","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:27:41Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2111.00340v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:27:41Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2111.00340","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:27:41Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"SPH5YP6JDTQR","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:27:41Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"SPH5YP6JDTQREUJH","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:27:41Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"SPH5YP6J","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:27:41Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:16b9d32fbaca6c5676076093baf6fbbd8b4156c66cc93b912427eb36cac51787","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:27:41Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2111.00340/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Numerous COVID-19 clinical decision support systems have been developed. However many of these systems do not have the merit for validity due to methodological shortcomings including algorithmic bias. Methods Logistic regression models were created to predict COVID-19 mortality, ventilator status and inpatient status using a real-world dataset consisting of four hospitals in New York City and analyzed for biases against race, gender and age. Simple thresholding adjustments were applied in the training process to establish more equitable models. Results Compared to the naively trained models, t","authors_text":"David Rosenberg, Douglas Kondziolka, Eric Karl Oermann, Garrett Yoon, Mustafa Nasir-Moin, Sean Neifert, Yifan Li","cross_cats":["cs.CY"],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2021-10-30T21:10:56Z","title":"Identifying and mitigating bias in algorithms used to manage patients in a pandemic"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2111.00340","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:94aaaa472f77e43b08ec9add8559f3106b26c6f89cc287c4b5719cfb9721cb34","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:27:41Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"6f6939aa825098cdcf3d29065f700d788eea31e81c351d89860cf849129f2c8a","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CY"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2021-10-30T21:10:56Z","title_canon_sha256":"2e926b9f1d53a7f474ece25361b0cbc8dcb65c84a59170d485600a73a506a3d9"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2111.00340","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"93cfdc3fc91ce1125127540d75724535127c48caa0d33e580bd58f19c9bae03e","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"93cfdc3fc91ce1125127540d75724535127c48caa0d33e580bd58f19c9bae03e","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T03:27:41.496632Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T03:27:41.496632Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"cbip8BnJ7fE5ikQCr6+Xg3q+6At06Mkg4+D2F2V1quqJLbngw7T6iAJS0zNHpT5Jh51b7jb/F8WEbpgpVgnnAQ==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T03:27:41.497079Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2111.00340","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:94aaaa472f77e43b08ec9add8559f3106b26c6f89cc287c4b5719cfb9721cb34","sha256:16b9d32fbaca6c5676076093baf6fbbd8b4156c66cc93b912427eb36cac51787"],"state_sha256":"285bddd3f2b65316c8ff3211dce009a213bd33443dbb009a6815e7aac400ef6d"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"0UFvOIaIFAyyeWkgMf3EQQOWSdhYZkTeHDEZC7S66o6vF0IvhHn5zA0cW5UQ5JdZJVYvHWzqaCRqU2D552RSBg==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-15T19:39:05.063159Z","bundle_sha256":"8df85b890bfac0dce365e4b742bb649c331a4a0009da0bf30285e46e3d98fc45"}}