{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2024:SPZWT4FYXGKHPQ5QCODVT76LEY","short_pith_number":"pith:SPZWT4FY","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2407.16615","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2024-07-23T16:23:04Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.LG"],"title_canon_sha256":"6096d6b9c9195afd9cb0427d6d05c22b325a238b1778d261e3080c2ac3e3af2a","abstract_canon_sha256":"1e2c55ceda673fb114ab2fb5fd4429ba01bd623de0a7f09cbaa1020f7d77a0b1"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"93f369f0b8b99477c3b0138759ffcb2611e2d58ddaac75deb73a684bd88b6f6f","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2407.16615","version":2},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2407.16615","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:52:55Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2407.16615v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:52:55Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2407.16615","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:52:55Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"SPZWT4FYXGKH","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:52:55Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"SPZWT4FYXGKHPQ5Q","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:52:55Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"SPZWT4FY","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:52:55Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2024:SPZWT4FYXGKHPQ5QCODVT76LEY","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2407.16615","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2024-07-23T16:23:04Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.LG"],"title_canon_sha256":"6096d6b9c9195afd9cb0427d6d05c22b325a238b1778d261e3080c2ac3e3af2a","abstract_canon_sha256":"1e2c55ceda673fb114ab2fb5fd4429ba01bd623de0a7f09cbaa1020f7d77a0b1"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"93f369f0b8b99477c3b0138759ffcb2611e2d58ddaac75deb73a684bd88b6f6f","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T10:52:55.182909Z","signature_b64":"zziHYMUz6ErEAmxn8yVjrCaPgSUucMdAosA3Z/05y1QAdNoZZGMpfNihyDg+jeO1zZUfkSFu9CTtZ4URMZPeAQ==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"93f369f0b8b99477c3b0138759ffcb2611e2d58ddaac75deb73a684bd88b6f6f","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T10:52:55.182421Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T10:52:55.182421Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2407.16615","source_version":2,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T10:52:55Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"pD84xLPoCjBWUpXnUfVP86XxrXfDRxBo65SLmYsEcLv4HxAJeK/tUlP/jG/7aF5OuCIpUo3H5SG78kpZ7uYPDw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-12T23:30:06.312591Z"},"content_sha256":"efec256e837de346c4105ec9827672390b77ec7b63ad76e8f63e8d9e94ef145d","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:efec256e837de346c4105ec9827672390b77ec7b63ad76e8f63e8d9e94ef145d"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2024:SPZWT4FYXGKHPQ5QCODVT76LEY","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Lawma: The Power of Specialization for Legal Annotation","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.AI","cs.LG"],"primary_cat":"cs.CL","authors_text":"Christoph Engel, Jens Frankenreiter, Krishna Gummadi, Michael Livermore, Moritz Hardt, Rediet Abebe, Ricardo Dominguez-Olmedo, Stefan Bechtold, Vedant Nanda","submitted_at":"2024-07-23T16:23:04Z","abstract_excerpt":"Annotation and classification of legal text are central components of empirical legal research. Traditionally, these tasks are often delegated to trained research assistants. Motivated by the advances in language modeling, empirical legal scholars are increasingly turning to prompting commercial models, hoping that it will alleviate the significant cost of human annotation. Despite growing use, our understanding of how to best utilize large language models for legal annotation remains limited. To bridge this gap, we introduce CaselawQA, a benchmark comprising 260 legal annotation tasks, nearly"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2407.16615","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2407.16615/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T10:52:55Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"bBkHq2yWEMJxEmlyFEV8Il8eZ2OKYssTMu51el39r1NQMCaVoDxzYKrVHkmNPFtwaKDqgesdm9QDXtvh+bDACw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-12T23:30:06.312968Z"},"content_sha256":"57037dea97c955661845e5159b99411ffd58b56061d7f429dd235f47268cc855","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:57037dea97c955661845e5159b99411ffd58b56061d7f429dd235f47268cc855"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/SPZWT4FYXGKHPQ5QCODVT76LEY/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/SPZWT4FYXGKHPQ5QCODVT76LEY/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/SPZWT4FYXGKHPQ5QCODVT76LEY/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-12T23:30:06Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/SPZWT4FYXGKHPQ5QCODVT76LEY","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/SPZWT4FYXGKHPQ5QCODVT76LEY/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/SPZWT4FYXGKHPQ5QCODVT76LEY/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/SPZWT4FYXGKHPQ5QCODVT76LEY/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2024:SPZWT4FYXGKHPQ5QCODVT76LEY","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"1e2c55ceda673fb114ab2fb5fd4429ba01bd623de0a7f09cbaa1020f7d77a0b1","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.LG"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2024-07-23T16:23:04Z","title_canon_sha256":"6096d6b9c9195afd9cb0427d6d05c22b325a238b1778d261e3080c2ac3e3af2a"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2407.16615","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2407.16615","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:52:55Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2407.16615v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:52:55Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2407.16615","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:52:55Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"SPZWT4FYXGKH","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:52:55Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"SPZWT4FYXGKHPQ5Q","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:52:55Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"SPZWT4FY","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:52:55Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:57037dea97c955661845e5159b99411ffd58b56061d7f429dd235f47268cc855","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:52:55Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2407.16615/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Annotation and classification of legal text are central components of empirical legal research. Traditionally, these tasks are often delegated to trained research assistants. Motivated by the advances in language modeling, empirical legal scholars are increasingly turning to prompting commercial models, hoping that it will alleviate the significant cost of human annotation. Despite growing use, our understanding of how to best utilize large language models for legal annotation remains limited. To bridge this gap, we introduce CaselawQA, a benchmark comprising 260 legal annotation tasks, nearly","authors_text":"Christoph Engel, Jens Frankenreiter, Krishna Gummadi, Michael Livermore, Moritz Hardt, Rediet Abebe, Ricardo Dominguez-Olmedo, Stefan Bechtold, Vedant Nanda","cross_cats":["cs.AI","cs.LG"],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2024-07-23T16:23:04Z","title":"Lawma: The Power of Specialization for Legal Annotation"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2407.16615","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:efec256e837de346c4105ec9827672390b77ec7b63ad76e8f63e8d9e94ef145d","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:52:55Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"1e2c55ceda673fb114ab2fb5fd4429ba01bd623de0a7f09cbaa1020f7d77a0b1","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.LG"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2024-07-23T16:23:04Z","title_canon_sha256":"6096d6b9c9195afd9cb0427d6d05c22b325a238b1778d261e3080c2ac3e3af2a"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2407.16615","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"canonical_sha256":"93f369f0b8b99477c3b0138759ffcb2611e2d58ddaac75deb73a684bd88b6f6f","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"93f369f0b8b99477c3b0138759ffcb2611e2d58ddaac75deb73a684bd88b6f6f","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T10:52:55.182421Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T10:52:55.182421Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"zziHYMUz6ErEAmxn8yVjrCaPgSUucMdAosA3Z/05y1QAdNoZZGMpfNihyDg+jeO1zZUfkSFu9CTtZ4URMZPeAQ==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T10:52:55.182909Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2407.16615","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":2}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:efec256e837de346c4105ec9827672390b77ec7b63ad76e8f63e8d9e94ef145d","sha256:57037dea97c955661845e5159b99411ffd58b56061d7f429dd235f47268cc855"],"state_sha256":"3e160102ad5ee7bcd1a0d2a9854fddb1ae1851443464bb2b904414b307b24a02"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"JZ6rEbaHti8MC8g2AauLpp6SWoXGhVzjOk+7iHqh8a1Bm8N3YiOtei91Bgt5VsrAbG3vqHEWfl8DD1U1AW8CAQ==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-12T23:30:06.315325Z","bundle_sha256":"b7b978e0e560373cde5cd0498c0d9484c2ad126c670378d196867cd3092ca49b"}}