{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2020:SQQUXWVM5MPEYS5LJTLIHCRN22","short_pith_number":"pith:SQQUXWVM","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2004.13409","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.DC","submitted_at":"2020-04-28T10:33:02Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"2b3178cdb80c2a0879135f96e0575d82d0f7efc61edef2d44677984565d02300","abstract_canon_sha256":"3cfc17edba5981a1ef58c7f15288c76861c127b5584d90e1fdb1d414129a9f96"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"94214bdaaceb1e4c4bab4cd6838a2dd6b3c716e312cbee11aeef17f2309a986a","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2004.13409","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2004.13409","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:58:58Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2004.13409v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:58:58Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2004.13409","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:58:58Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"SQQUXWVM5MPE","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:58:58Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"SQQUXWVM5MPEYS5L","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:58:58Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"SQQUXWVM","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:58:58Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2020:SQQUXWVM5MPEYS5LJTLIHCRN22","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2004.13409","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.DC","submitted_at":"2020-04-28T10:33:02Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"2b3178cdb80c2a0879135f96e0575d82d0f7efc61edef2d44677984565d02300","abstract_canon_sha256":"3cfc17edba5981a1ef58c7f15288c76861c127b5584d90e1fdb1d414129a9f96"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"94214bdaaceb1e4c4bab4cd6838a2dd6b3c716e312cbee11aeef17f2309a986a","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T00:58:58.999304Z","signature_b64":"jr0W+mYJRZy3L+h0z9GXinuRotMqA2WsB8WonuAEiulGShMT+4w8YlJ7OB3DdbirK2cTDMPoA9yCnDz8a9TqCg==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"94214bdaaceb1e4c4bab4cd6838a2dd6b3c716e312cbee11aeef17f2309a986a","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T00:58:58.998932Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T00:58:58.998932Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2004.13409","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T00:58:58Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"J+GLcPzpWwuiDHIlaUvYq90kOzypQyWbYBYNjgg544ckJ+mWI3OVGfI8HxG3O6IyAzK2gzr3IfUHRxxkdHHhDw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-03T15:00:31.823140Z"},"content_sha256":"8ecef21a3681b46f011f83765e750f80a908aa4785ee43567841045d06e3531c","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:8ecef21a3681b46f011f83765e750f80a908aa4785ee43567841045d06e3531c"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2020:SQQUXWVM5MPEYS5LJTLIHCRN22","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Parasite Chain Detection in the IOTA Protocol","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"cs.DC","authors_text":"Andreas Penzkofer, Angelo Capossele, Bartosz Kusmierz, Olivia Saa, William Sanders","submitted_at":"2020-04-28T10:33:02Z","abstract_excerpt":"In recent years several distributed ledger technologies based on directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) have appeared on the market. Similar to blockchain technologies, DAG-based systems aim to build an immutable ledger and are faced with security concerns regarding the irreversibility of the ledger state. However, due to their more complex nature and recent popularity, the study of adversarial actions has received little attention so far. In this paper we are concerned with a particular type of attack on the IOTA cryptocurrency, more specifically a Parasite Chain attack that attempts to revert the hi"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2004.13409","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2004.13409/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T00:58:58Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"PfExS5K/NDCwV8fG2WKJ/0qyLbbcDDufYNKXcWO9CwoMQ5ZSrN0iVe5b5BnG9DWSjA2PJ809Oj2d1ieDUkBDBQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-03T15:00:31.823654Z"},"content_sha256":"a1010d03a0852298b5915dfdc944215c04f76ac72932cc2f93a6f353d26892a5","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:a1010d03a0852298b5915dfdc944215c04f76ac72932cc2f93a6f353d26892a5"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/SQQUXWVM5MPEYS5LJTLIHCRN22/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/SQQUXWVM5MPEYS5LJTLIHCRN22/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/SQQUXWVM5MPEYS5LJTLIHCRN22/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-03T15:00:31Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/SQQUXWVM5MPEYS5LJTLIHCRN22","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/SQQUXWVM5MPEYS5LJTLIHCRN22/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/SQQUXWVM5MPEYS5LJTLIHCRN22/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/SQQUXWVM5MPEYS5LJTLIHCRN22/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2020:SQQUXWVM5MPEYS5LJTLIHCRN22","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"3cfc17edba5981a1ef58c7f15288c76861c127b5584d90e1fdb1d414129a9f96","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.DC","submitted_at":"2020-04-28T10:33:02Z","title_canon_sha256":"2b3178cdb80c2a0879135f96e0575d82d0f7efc61edef2d44677984565d02300"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2004.13409","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2004.13409","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:58:58Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2004.13409v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:58:58Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2004.13409","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:58:58Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"SQQUXWVM5MPE","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:58:58Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"SQQUXWVM5MPEYS5L","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:58:58Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"SQQUXWVM","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:58:58Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:a1010d03a0852298b5915dfdc944215c04f76ac72932cc2f93a6f353d26892a5","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:58:58Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2004.13409/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"In recent years several distributed ledger technologies based on directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) have appeared on the market. Similar to blockchain technologies, DAG-based systems aim to build an immutable ledger and are faced with security concerns regarding the irreversibility of the ledger state. However, due to their more complex nature and recent popularity, the study of adversarial actions has received little attention so far. In this paper we are concerned with a particular type of attack on the IOTA cryptocurrency, more specifically a Parasite Chain attack that attempts to revert the hi","authors_text":"Andreas Penzkofer, Angelo Capossele, Bartosz Kusmierz, Olivia Saa, William Sanders","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.DC","submitted_at":"2020-04-28T10:33:02Z","title":"Parasite Chain Detection in the IOTA Protocol"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2004.13409","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:8ecef21a3681b46f011f83765e750f80a908aa4785ee43567841045d06e3531c","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:58:58Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"3cfc17edba5981a1ef58c7f15288c76861c127b5584d90e1fdb1d414129a9f96","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.DC","submitted_at":"2020-04-28T10:33:02Z","title_canon_sha256":"2b3178cdb80c2a0879135f96e0575d82d0f7efc61edef2d44677984565d02300"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2004.13409","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"94214bdaaceb1e4c4bab4cd6838a2dd6b3c716e312cbee11aeef17f2309a986a","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"94214bdaaceb1e4c4bab4cd6838a2dd6b3c716e312cbee11aeef17f2309a986a","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T00:58:58.998932Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T00:58:58.998932Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"jr0W+mYJRZy3L+h0z9GXinuRotMqA2WsB8WonuAEiulGShMT+4w8YlJ7OB3DdbirK2cTDMPoA9yCnDz8a9TqCg==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T00:58:58.999304Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2004.13409","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:8ecef21a3681b46f011f83765e750f80a908aa4785ee43567841045d06e3531c","sha256:a1010d03a0852298b5915dfdc944215c04f76ac72932cc2f93a6f353d26892a5"],"state_sha256":"696839fe6fab6c67240a51f0b0479795fdc22880f3b603a0520e6cb694f11cd6"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"8ASIi/SFgDTi4dFsaIWXZ7k/QROIyyuJun74ocvye/BtdccCbHNDabLdDvJXc9Rp0GepSbwgkT9wJKusuqHaDg==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-03T15:00:31.828888Z","bundle_sha256":"20511b9e1af2421a234f959c0e4c9058e8140530cd312466157290755a1daacc"}}