{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2021:ST33LZZHAZL5STI7WDDD43NBYF","short_pith_number":"pith:ST33LZZH","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2106.03982","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2021-06-07T21:57:11Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"6308e43f9a9d78aa96e78324639aa0fe4d14cce34f82153473c3b04c299c8ad8","abstract_canon_sha256":"27fb27b085dfaf098d13d102a0e1d6ac8bd0cef4f25fb05c2dd74054163ff034"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"94f7b5e7270657d94d1fb0c63e6da1c179559eb789f62d1e5f67675528259e32","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2106.03982","version":2},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2106.03982","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:05:31Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2106.03982v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:05:31Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2106.03982","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:05:31Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"ST33LZZHAZL5","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:05:31Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"ST33LZZHAZL5STI7","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:05:31Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"ST33LZZH","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:05:31Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2021:ST33LZZHAZL5STI7WDDD43NBYF","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2106.03982","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2021-06-07T21:57:11Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"6308e43f9a9d78aa96e78324639aa0fe4d14cce34f82153473c3b04c299c8ad8","abstract_canon_sha256":"27fb27b085dfaf098d13d102a0e1d6ac8bd0cef4f25fb05c2dd74054163ff034"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"94f7b5e7270657d94d1fb0c63e6da1c179559eb789f62d1e5f67675528259e32","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T04:05:31.543416Z","signature_b64":"pDTT8Y3ki60qM27vNK+DBBJt32SXqy2EfS9uy/vuSU5GJBeejf0Lx8Lrl7iiFOqwLdOZwB5hJGEHQh1q7RmjCg==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"94f7b5e7270657d94d1fb0c63e6da1c179559eb789f62d1e5f67675528259e32","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T04:05:31.542971Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T04:05:31.542971Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2106.03982","source_version":2,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T04:05:31Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"hNz1b7o+UdvRmerSVgGGPj0AYRovroSIGoaErrgf2FlaYWdge9OnVpNX42mu2TESl5D8D4GxwW5f54f/HV5TDA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-11T01:48:33.809389Z"},"content_sha256":"ea6dd4e2d6eb2c65d48d742f5c8150bc58ba355f7c26b0ccbb045e8f00cc001a","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:ea6dd4e2d6eb2c65d48d742f5c8150bc58ba355f7c26b0ccbb045e8f00cc001a"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2021:ST33LZZHAZL5STI7WDDD43NBYF","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Expressivity of Emergent Language is a Trade-off between Contextual Complexity and Unpredictability","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"cs.CL","authors_text":"Kenny Smith, Kory Mathewson, Shangmin Guo, Simon Kirby, Stefano V. Albrecht, Yi Ren","submitted_at":"2021-06-07T21:57:11Z","abstract_excerpt":"Researchers are using deep learning models to explore the emergence of language in various language games, where agents interact and develop an emergent language to solve tasks. We focus on the factors that determine the expressivity of emergent languages, which reflects the amount of information about input spaces those languages are capable of encoding. We measure the expressivity of emergent languages based on the generalisation performance across different games, and demonstrate that the expressivity of emergent languages is a trade-off between the complexity and unpredictability of the co"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2106.03982","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2106.03982/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T04:05:31Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"ekZnL0uNpEyXlGg+xwldK5Rbh/cWdFe0tIm/eZ/8EgeRAzNOygjeEuGtQg4SVZEXu3gMt9Gw9ecN56fS8HTfBQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-11T01:48:33.809916Z"},"content_sha256":"6cda2eb957b3a9d1c9a87b447e6f957c682405e3b9a182b32ce3943e6ca2571f","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:6cda2eb957b3a9d1c9a87b447e6f957c682405e3b9a182b32ce3943e6ca2571f"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/ST33LZZHAZL5STI7WDDD43NBYF/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/ST33LZZHAZL5STI7WDDD43NBYF/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/ST33LZZHAZL5STI7WDDD43NBYF/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-11T01:48:33Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/ST33LZZHAZL5STI7WDDD43NBYF","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/ST33LZZHAZL5STI7WDDD43NBYF/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/ST33LZZHAZL5STI7WDDD43NBYF/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/ST33LZZHAZL5STI7WDDD43NBYF/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2021:ST33LZZHAZL5STI7WDDD43NBYF","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"27fb27b085dfaf098d13d102a0e1d6ac8bd0cef4f25fb05c2dd74054163ff034","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2021-06-07T21:57:11Z","title_canon_sha256":"6308e43f9a9d78aa96e78324639aa0fe4d14cce34f82153473c3b04c299c8ad8"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2106.03982","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2106.03982","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:05:31Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2106.03982v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:05:31Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2106.03982","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:05:31Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"ST33LZZHAZL5","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:05:31Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"ST33LZZHAZL5STI7","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:05:31Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"ST33LZZH","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:05:31Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:6cda2eb957b3a9d1c9a87b447e6f957c682405e3b9a182b32ce3943e6ca2571f","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:05:31Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2106.03982/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Researchers are using deep learning models to explore the emergence of language in various language games, where agents interact and develop an emergent language to solve tasks. We focus on the factors that determine the expressivity of emergent languages, which reflects the amount of information about input spaces those languages are capable of encoding. We measure the expressivity of emergent languages based on the generalisation performance across different games, and demonstrate that the expressivity of emergent languages is a trade-off between the complexity and unpredictability of the co","authors_text":"Kenny Smith, Kory Mathewson, Shangmin Guo, Simon Kirby, Stefano V. Albrecht, Yi Ren","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2021-06-07T21:57:11Z","title":"Expressivity of Emergent Language is a Trade-off between Contextual Complexity and Unpredictability"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2106.03982","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:ea6dd4e2d6eb2c65d48d742f5c8150bc58ba355f7c26b0ccbb045e8f00cc001a","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:05:31Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"27fb27b085dfaf098d13d102a0e1d6ac8bd0cef4f25fb05c2dd74054163ff034","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2021-06-07T21:57:11Z","title_canon_sha256":"6308e43f9a9d78aa96e78324639aa0fe4d14cce34f82153473c3b04c299c8ad8"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2106.03982","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"canonical_sha256":"94f7b5e7270657d94d1fb0c63e6da1c179559eb789f62d1e5f67675528259e32","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"94f7b5e7270657d94d1fb0c63e6da1c179559eb789f62d1e5f67675528259e32","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T04:05:31.542971Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T04:05:31.542971Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"pDTT8Y3ki60qM27vNK+DBBJt32SXqy2EfS9uy/vuSU5GJBeejf0Lx8Lrl7iiFOqwLdOZwB5hJGEHQh1q7RmjCg==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T04:05:31.543416Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2106.03982","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":2}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:ea6dd4e2d6eb2c65d48d742f5c8150bc58ba355f7c26b0ccbb045e8f00cc001a","sha256:6cda2eb957b3a9d1c9a87b447e6f957c682405e3b9a182b32ce3943e6ca2571f"],"state_sha256":"171738c01cc2fdfec2d38ddac4b6890a5839346c9ce9ccd870389ca50dee8868"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"3Hn3LM8/JKPa/pNb9dpcld5we1dy4VuCQ20o03pIeazgelBk2YEVonEhkAD6naqTkpFc9HKcM4KZ8/QBuhxVDA==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-11T01:48:33.815118Z","bundle_sha256":"a5fd8db8a35dea6583388de81bd2230f22743a5fa572f99990373219edc653e4"}}