{"record_type":"pith_number_record","schema_url":"https://pith.science/schemas/pith-number/v1.json","pith_number":"pith:2012:SVLDOOJRYDGSFQSQ7INIFNMDQI","short_pith_number":"pith:SVLDOOJR","schema_version":"1.0","canonical_sha256":"9556373931c0cd22c250fa1a82b583823cf2bf17b9dd63f0ba4f3f61c4998f00","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1210.4842","version":1},"attestation_state":"computed","paper":{"title":"Causal Inference by Surrogate Experiments: z-Identifiability","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["stat.ME"],"primary_cat":"cs.AI","authors_text":"Elias Bareinboim, Judea Pearl","submitted_at":"2012-10-16T17:32:47Z","abstract_excerpt":"We address the problem of estimating the effect of intervening on a set of variables X from experiments on a different set, Z, that is more accessible to manipulation. This problem, which we call z-identifiability, reduces to ordinary identifiability when Z = empty and, like the latter, can be given syntactic characterization using the do-calculus [Pearl, 1995; 2000]. We provide a graphical necessary and sufficient condition for z-identifiability for arbitrary sets X,Z, and Y (the outcomes). We further develop a complete algorithm for computing the causal effect of X on Y using information pro"},"verification_status":{"content_addressed":true,"pith_receipt":true,"author_attested":false,"weak_author_claims":0,"strong_author_claims":0,"externally_anchored":false,"storage_verified":false,"citation_signatures":0,"replication_records":0,"graph_snapshot":true,"references_resolved":false,"formal_links_present":false},"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1210.4842","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.AI","submitted_at":"2012-10-16T17:32:47Z","cross_cats_sorted":["stat.ME"],"title_canon_sha256":"af077764cbef3dc416cf229d05b420d2b4aeffbcc62e2f8896d94a67696228ef","abstract_canon_sha256":"34b4eaf522f49bac51d88c05fb4db5d201f4d09e29fcca345223238ff0f385eb"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T03:42:55.560868Z","signature_b64":"WT8Wqm5CsMUwQZIt17rRAamNS4xH0gtdnItQrXbu7fAHgvEDYPMguPU9/vKONlJo2N0d2/0poU5xI4o/ksYFDg==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"9556373931c0cd22c250fa1a82b583823cf2bf17b9dd63f0ba4f3f61c4998f00","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T03:42:55.560229Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T03:42:55.560229Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Causal Inference by Surrogate Experiments: z-Identifiability","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["stat.ME"],"primary_cat":"cs.AI","authors_text":"Elias Bareinboim, Judea Pearl","submitted_at":"2012-10-16T17:32:47Z","abstract_excerpt":"We address the problem of estimating the effect of intervening on a set of variables X from experiments on a different set, Z, that is more accessible to manipulation. This problem, which we call z-identifiability, reduces to ordinary identifiability when Z = empty and, like the latter, can be given syntactic characterization using the do-calculus [Pearl, 1995; 2000]. We provide a graphical necessary and sufficient condition for z-identifiability for arbitrary sets X,Z, and Y (the outcomes). We further develop a complete algorithm for computing the causal effect of X on Y using information pro"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1210.4842","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1210.4842","created_at":"2026-05-18T03:42:55.560346+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1210.4842v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T03:42:55.560346+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1210.4842","created_at":"2026-05-18T03:42:55.560346+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"SVLDOOJRYDGS","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:27:23.164592+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"SVLDOOJRYDGSFQSQ","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:27:23.164592+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"SVLDOOJR","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:27:23.164592+00:00"}],"events":[],"event_summary":{},"paper_claims":[],"inbound_citations":{"count":0,"internal_anchor_count":0,"sample":[]},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"sample":[],"anchors":[]},"links":{"html":"https://pith.science/pith/SVLDOOJRYDGSFQSQ7INIFNMDQI","json":"https://pith.science/pith/SVLDOOJRYDGSFQSQ7INIFNMDQI.json","graph_json":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/SVLDOOJRYDGSFQSQ7INIFNMDQI/graph.json","events_json":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/SVLDOOJRYDGSFQSQ7INIFNMDQI/events.json","paper":"https://pith.science/paper/SVLDOOJR"},"agent_actions":{"view_html":"https://pith.science/pith/SVLDOOJRYDGSFQSQ7INIFNMDQI","download_json":"https://pith.science/pith/SVLDOOJRYDGSFQSQ7INIFNMDQI.json","view_paper":"https://pith.science/paper/SVLDOOJR","resolve_alias":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/resolve?arxiv=1210.4842&json=true","fetch_graph":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/SVLDOOJRYDGSFQSQ7INIFNMDQI/graph.json","fetch_events":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/SVLDOOJRYDGSFQSQ7INIFNMDQI/events.json","actions":{"anchor_timestamp":"https://pith.science/pith/SVLDOOJRYDGSFQSQ7INIFNMDQI/action/timestamp_anchor","attest_storage":"https://pith.science/pith/SVLDOOJRYDGSFQSQ7INIFNMDQI/action/storage_attestation","attest_author":"https://pith.science/pith/SVLDOOJRYDGSFQSQ7INIFNMDQI/action/author_attestation","sign_citation":"https://pith.science/pith/SVLDOOJRYDGSFQSQ7INIFNMDQI/action/citation_signature","submit_replication":"https://pith.science/pith/SVLDOOJRYDGSFQSQ7INIFNMDQI/action/replication_record"}},"created_at":"2026-05-18T03:42:55.560346+00:00","updated_at":"2026-05-18T03:42:55.560346+00:00"}