{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2016:SXMJ72VISOXXAJVMNAQ2VM64R6","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"274302c293c6dd1fe6464a8c544f5fe42724938f8571c872e480717d307a662e","cross_cats_sorted":["q-fin.EC"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"q-fin.GN","submitted_at":"2016-09-01T22:18:59Z","title_canon_sha256":"3094736bc69138d7feb551cf745a5090790a6884d5a17577f8918e71ad21c78b"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1609.00415","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1609.00415","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:06:23Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1609.00415v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:06:23Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1609.00415","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:06:23Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"SXMJ72VISOXX","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:44Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"SXMJ72VISOXXAJVM","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:44Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"SXMJ72VI","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:44Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:964c0494b2de3606d5cef08b768b68a808c18269d977af44dac6aa8624fb16f1","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:06:23Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"The prevalent view in the economics literature is that a high level of infrastructure investment is a precursor to economic growth. China is especially held up as a model to emulate. Based on the largest dataset of its kind, this paper punctures the twin myths that, first, infrastructure creates economic value, and, second, China has a distinct advantage in its delivery. Far from being an engine of economic growth, the typical infrastructure investment fails to deliver a positive risk adjusted return. Moreover, China's track record in delivering infrastructure is no better than that of rich de","authors_text":"Alexander Budzier, Atif Ansar, Bent Flyvbjerg, Daniel Lunn","cross_cats":["q-fin.EC"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"q-fin.GN","submitted_at":"2016-09-01T22:18:59Z","title":"Does Infrastructure Investment Lead to Economic Growth or Economic Fragility? Evidence from China"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1609.00415","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:d3621179e5791a20c650fd004e70fcfec0fa3b9024d87edf6bab3700ac15cc32","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:06:23Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"274302c293c6dd1fe6464a8c544f5fe42724938f8571c872e480717d307a662e","cross_cats_sorted":["q-fin.EC"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"q-fin.GN","submitted_at":"2016-09-01T22:18:59Z","title_canon_sha256":"3094736bc69138d7feb551cf745a5090790a6884d5a17577f8918e71ad21c78b"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1609.00415","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"95d89feaa893af7026ac6821aab3dc8fb22e1cc91c13c3040a43ddd61aecfbd7","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"95d89feaa893af7026ac6821aab3dc8fb22e1cc91c13c3040a43ddd61aecfbd7","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T01:06:23.922749Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T01:06:23.922749Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"CHUJwCqZT76+UqIsX5lXtP5Xt2vjOo5XE82g20W+F5ZeYIb3X4djbwQiPv7miNeySE4PUmovAggOPIKqVYPtCQ==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T01:06:23.923127Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1609.00415","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:d3621179e5791a20c650fd004e70fcfec0fa3b9024d87edf6bab3700ac15cc32","sha256:964c0494b2de3606d5cef08b768b68a808c18269d977af44dac6aa8624fb16f1"],"state_sha256":"13c1aa96bf4d02b9933422d8f157233dda6659df30813d10bba9ab7d9283185c"}