{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2015:SYAWDRSVE3T6AZGPRTVZUIJ743","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"9f517c6a5ac6033a3b53376b07f302be3e2337be78f72673b42126f2b998221b","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ML","submitted_at":"2015-11-09T15:40:50Z","title_canon_sha256":"0961ea613f4b788c4bbedc773e21dd889cf644d31f0ab190725c58541536c2c0"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1511.02722","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1511.02722","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:27:29Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1511.02722v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:27:29Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1511.02722","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:27:29Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"SYAWDRSVE3T6","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:29:42Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"SYAWDRSVE3T6AZGP","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:29:42Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"SYAWDRSV","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:29:42Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:01f3e2b0e466a90199294fbecbfd7ac42b4993c99d280cbb41b40d77e07400ad","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:27:29Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Learning a causal effect from observational data is not straightforward, as this is not possible without further assumptions. If hidden common causes between treatment $X$ and outcome $Y$ cannot be blocked by other measurements, one possibility is to use an instrumental variable. In principle, it is possible under some assumptions to discover whether a variable is structurally instrumental to a target causal effect $X \\rightarrow Y$, but current frameworks are somewhat lacking on how general these assumptions can be. A instrumental variable discovery problem is challenging, as no variable can ","authors_text":"Ricardo Silva, Shohei Shimizu","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ML","submitted_at":"2015-11-09T15:40:50Z","title":"Learning Instrumental Variables with Non-Gaussianity Assumptions: Theoretical Limitations and Practical Algorithms"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1511.02722","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:14d880f3ed5c19205e11de202596a2aea5cc784c3e523f20cab19ac4e3f65c69","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:27:29Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"9f517c6a5ac6033a3b53376b07f302be3e2337be78f72673b42126f2b998221b","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ML","submitted_at":"2015-11-09T15:40:50Z","title_canon_sha256":"0961ea613f4b788c4bbedc773e21dd889cf644d31f0ab190725c58541536c2c0"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1511.02722","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"960161c65526e7e064cf8ceb9a213fe6cabc855fd159db4ad278646ed6970558","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"960161c65526e7e064cf8ceb9a213fe6cabc855fd159db4ad278646ed6970558","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T01:27:29.528391Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T01:27:29.528391Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"/UfETtUBQDfKhlt6S4NnWUTosrAp3t2Ot2cDQkq4Dte5SEsELXojQLxGb2HcHHYP4eSYMQf2zQT4vDCKfu7tCA==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T01:27:29.528988Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1511.02722","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:14d880f3ed5c19205e11de202596a2aea5cc784c3e523f20cab19ac4e3f65c69","sha256:01f3e2b0e466a90199294fbecbfd7ac42b4993c99d280cbb41b40d77e07400ad"],"state_sha256":"83bd08ff306486471c73cd8861971ae01a53ef9e356bf8dc36a075332bc81d12"}