{"record_type":"pith_number_record","schema_url":"https://pith.science/schemas/pith-number/v1.json","pith_number":"pith:2025:T5UZ3ZELEYE5PTVXHE5TXELVE4","short_pith_number":"pith:T5UZ3ZEL","schema_version":"1.0","canonical_sha256":"9f699de48b2609d7ceb7393b3b917527383b071bd944efa70c1b1eaa0e5d0f0a","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2511.06140","version":3},"attestation_state":"computed","paper":{"title":"Non-invasive load measurement in the human tibia via spectral analysis of flexural waves","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"Peak locations in tibial flexural wave spectra vary linearly with compressive force and serve as non-invasive proxies for bone load.","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"q-bio.QM","authors_text":"Ali Yawar, Daniel E. Lieberman, Daniel H. Aslan","submitted_at":"2025-11-08T21:23:47Z","abstract_excerpt":"Forces transmitted by bones are routinely studied in human biomechanics, but it is challenging to measure them non-invasively, especially outside of laboratory settings. We introduce a technique for non-invasive, in vivo measurement of tibial compressive force using flexural waves propagating in the tibia. Modelling the tibia as an axially compressed Euler-Bernoulli beam, we show that tibial flexural waves have load-dependent frequency spectra. Specifically, under physiological conditions, peak locations in the wave acceleration spectra vary linearly with the compressive force on the tibia and"},"verification_status":{"content_addressed":true,"pith_receipt":true,"author_attested":false,"weak_author_claims":0,"strong_author_claims":0,"externally_anchored":false,"storage_verified":false,"citation_signatures":0,"replication_records":0,"graph_snapshot":true,"references_resolved":true,"formal_links_present":true},"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2511.06140","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"q-bio.QM","submitted_at":"2025-11-08T21:23:47Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"50fa4e1d15b52ea04d2c074a0bab9c72e1fae525ed004160a01c75964af581ab","abstract_canon_sha256":"ef4cb0c01cead8416cc129af53c437b04d430ddd7843fff95cd329a058502600"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-06-19T16:11:16.253585Z","signature_b64":"z4/uhKrnnbNhsYE3gqEGCY3Kcon7dz9vQFCWGhQ/DlYzek6HBX4qGp1MNp0kAxuEtPlEfMuU26bKBM2Oxbl8Bg==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"9f699de48b2609d7ceb7393b3b917527383b071bd944efa70c1b1eaa0e5d0f0a","last_reissued_at":"2026-06-19T16:11:16.253098Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-06-19T16:11:16.253098Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Non-invasive load measurement in the human tibia via spectral analysis of flexural waves","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"Peak locations in tibial flexural wave spectra vary linearly with compressive force and serve as non-invasive proxies for bone load.","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"q-bio.QM","authors_text":"Ali Yawar, Daniel E. Lieberman, Daniel H. Aslan","submitted_at":"2025-11-08T21:23:47Z","abstract_excerpt":"Forces transmitted by bones are routinely studied in human biomechanics, but it is challenging to measure them non-invasively, especially outside of laboratory settings. We introduce a technique for non-invasive, in vivo measurement of tibial compressive force using flexural waves propagating in the tibia. Modelling the tibia as an axially compressed Euler-Bernoulli beam, we show that tibial flexural waves have load-dependent frequency spectra. Specifically, under physiological conditions, peak locations in the wave acceleration spectra vary linearly with the compressive force on the tibia and"},"claims":{"count":4,"items":[{"kind":"strongest_claim","text":"Under physiological conditions, peak locations in the wave acceleration spectra vary linearly with the compressive force on the tibia and may be used as proxies for the compressive force.","source":"verdict.strongest_claim","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C1","attestation":"unclaimed"},{"kind":"weakest_assumption","text":"That soft tissue and skin interfaces do not substantially distort the flexural wave spectra from the underlying bone, allowing skin-mounted sensors to accurately capture load-dependent bone wave behavior as predicted by the Euler-Bernoulli model.","source":"verdict.weakest_assumption","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C2","attestation":"unclaimed"},{"kind":"one_line_summary","text":"Tibial compressive force correlates linearly with the frequency location of peaks in flexural wave acceleration spectra, allowing non-invasive proxy measurement via skin-mounted transducers and accelerometers.","source":"verdict.one_line_summary","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C3","attestation":"unclaimed"},{"kind":"headline","text":"Peak locations in tibial flexural wave spectra vary linearly with compressive force and serve as non-invasive proxies for bone load.","source":"verdict.pith_extraction.headline","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C4","attestation":"unclaimed"}],"snapshot_sha256":"a4e490ab562e31c7c55ba7d4978a2fb198711d82e1b6e5917789c049f500bf1f"},"source":{"id":"2511.06140","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"verdict":{"id":"d61a10fa-cd52-4ee6-85c8-74c935c62e46","model_set":{"reader":"grok-4.3"},"created_at":"2026-05-17T23:40:27.665032Z","strongest_claim":"Under physiological conditions, peak locations in the wave acceleration spectra vary linearly with the compressive force on the tibia and may be used as proxies for the compressive force.","one_line_summary":"Tibial compressive force correlates linearly with the frequency location of peaks in flexural wave acceleration spectra, allowing non-invasive proxy measurement via skin-mounted transducers and accelerometers.","pipeline_version":"pith-pipeline@v0.9.0","weakest_assumption":"That soft tissue and skin interfaces do not substantially distort the flexural wave spectra from the underlying bone, allowing skin-mounted sensors to accurately capture load-dependent bone wave behavior as predicted by the Euler-Bernoulli model.","pith_extraction_headline":"Peak locations in tibial flexural wave spectra vary linearly with compressive force and serve as non-invasive proxies for bone load."},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2511.06140/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":28,"sample":[{"doi":"","year":2019,"title":"D. Chadefaux, N. Gueguen, A. Thouze, and G. Rao. 3d propagation of the shock-induced vibrations through the whole lower-limb during running. Journal of Biomechanics, 96: 0 109343, 2019","work_id":"ce696af2-44ea-49e9-ad21-d7b152c7645f","ref_index":1,"cited_arxiv_id":"","is_internal_anchor":false},{"doi":"","year":2020,"title":"J. F. Doyle. Wave Propagation in Structures. Springer Cham, 2020","work_id":"849b73fc-66ad-441a-97c9-859cbaad5707","ref_index":2,"cited_arxiv_id":"","is_internal_anchor":false},{"doi":"","year":2022,"title":"L. Elstub, C. Nurse, L. Grohowski, P. Volgyesi, D. Wolf, and K. Zelik. Tibial bone forces can be monitored using shoe-worn wearable sensors during running. Journal of sports sciences, 40 0 (15): 0 174","work_id":"ecd007c2-c932-4ee8-8f31-b3292241a45e","ref_index":3,"cited_arxiv_id":"","is_internal_anchor":false},{"doi":"","year":1988,"title":"a h and E. St \\","work_id":"3ee2d36e-44d1-48aa-856e-8876fb01288f","ref_index":4,"cited_arxiv_id":"","is_internal_anchor":false},{"doi":"","year":1991,"title":"K. F. Graff. Wave motion in elastic solids. Dover Publications, 1991","work_id":"7922df54-11c0-4c45-b4ea-cd7d1e27f27d","ref_index":5,"cited_arxiv_id":"","is_internal_anchor":false}],"resolved_work":28,"snapshot_sha256":"1b5393ef8447eda0a98a0f97876b5d813f87a631cfcce14322ef3342b0ee1f1d","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":2,"snapshot_sha256":"91988e34557a8b8f48f140f36f05417397632d66d5b190f16a930ff81531df61"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2511.06140","created_at":"2026-06-19T16:11:16.253159+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2511.06140v3","created_at":"2026-06-19T16:11:16.253159+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2511.06140","created_at":"2026-06-19T16:11:16.253159+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"T5UZ3ZELEYE5","created_at":"2026-06-19T16:11:16.253159+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"T5UZ3ZELEYE5PTVX","created_at":"2026-06-19T16:11:16.253159+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"T5UZ3ZEL","created_at":"2026-06-19T16:11:16.253159+00:00"}],"events":[],"event_summary":{},"paper_claims":[],"inbound_citations":{"count":0,"internal_anchor_count":0,"sample":[]},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":2,"sample":[],"anchors":[]},"links":{"html":"https://pith.science/pith/T5UZ3ZELEYE5PTVXHE5TXELVE4","json":"https://pith.science/pith/T5UZ3ZELEYE5PTVXHE5TXELVE4.json","graph_json":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/T5UZ3ZELEYE5PTVXHE5TXELVE4/graph.json","events_json":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/T5UZ3ZELEYE5PTVXHE5TXELVE4/events.json","paper":"https://pith.science/paper/T5UZ3ZEL"},"agent_actions":{"view_html":"https://pith.science/pith/T5UZ3ZELEYE5PTVXHE5TXELVE4","download_json":"https://pith.science/pith/T5UZ3ZELEYE5PTVXHE5TXELVE4.json","view_paper":"https://pith.science/paper/T5UZ3ZEL","resolve_alias":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/resolve?arxiv=2511.06140&json=true","fetch_graph":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/T5UZ3ZELEYE5PTVXHE5TXELVE4/graph.json","fetch_events":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/T5UZ3ZELEYE5PTVXHE5TXELVE4/events.json","actions":{"anchor_timestamp":"https://pith.science/pith/T5UZ3ZELEYE5PTVXHE5TXELVE4/action/timestamp_anchor","attest_storage":"https://pith.science/pith/T5UZ3ZELEYE5PTVXHE5TXELVE4/action/storage_attestation","attest_author":"https://pith.science/pith/T5UZ3ZELEYE5PTVXHE5TXELVE4/action/author_attestation","sign_citation":"https://pith.science/pith/T5UZ3ZELEYE5PTVXHE5TXELVE4/action/citation_signature","submit_replication":"https://pith.science/pith/T5UZ3ZELEYE5PTVXHE5TXELVE4/action/replication_record"}},"created_at":"2026-06-19T16:11:16.253159+00:00","updated_at":"2026-06-19T16:11:16.253159+00:00"}