{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2015:TBQOEYCWBY4GNSVDWUJ4DFYWF4","short_pith_number":"pith:TBQOEYCW","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1511.04095","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.GA","submitted_at":"2015-11-12T21:15:43Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"fb9583bd12aef9d44138bd0aa85415031f9e253926677d749bc72aa1f150199b","abstract_canon_sha256":"3d30318913044aceb4d27c93cab964df3c0d194581e5ed008c1b91c224731a62"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"9860e260560e3866caa3b513c197162f1a7fcf798feaba73c4a97070eb2bb82c","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1511.04095","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1511.04095","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:24:45Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1511.04095v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:24:45Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1511.04095","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:24:45Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"TBQOEYCWBY4G","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:29:42Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"TBQOEYCWBY4GNSVD","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:29:42Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"TBQOEYCW","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:29:42Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2015:TBQOEYCWBY4GNSVDWUJ4DFYWF4","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1511.04095","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.GA","submitted_at":"2015-11-12T21:15:43Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"fb9583bd12aef9d44138bd0aa85415031f9e253926677d749bc72aa1f150199b","abstract_canon_sha256":"3d30318913044aceb4d27c93cab964df3c0d194581e5ed008c1b91c224731a62"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"9860e260560e3866caa3b513c197162f1a7fcf798feaba73c4a97070eb2bb82c","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T01:24:45.560150Z","signature_b64":"sAI/ZNTfwZVfvRK3kjAG1+bDtuVjQQ7SKoAxuYOUhugT4xybhMwLTye3TEN4kFy7tlcVry+JfyqgRa7ommmsAg==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"9860e260560e3866caa3b513c197162f1a7fcf798feaba73c4a97070eb2bb82c","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T01:24:45.559584Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T01:24:45.559584Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1511.04095","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T01:24:45Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"T4UQWJpWMoEgRVuYsUXtOWNYDqpurclXDFjS0z+AMQKNkWtJNBI3SHnMcFFGgw9fHJz8zSqSp6tsj8OOKuYYAg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-22T03:43:21.814308Z"},"content_sha256":"4095c082fe4a1c67aed8f1299fc01db8260b59087c63d6a0e301bfba6b7fe323","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:4095c082fe4a1c67aed8f1299fc01db8260b59087c63d6a0e301bfba6b7fe323"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2015:TBQOEYCWBY4GNSVDWUJ4DFYWF4","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Bulge Formation via Mergers in Cosmological Simulations","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"astro-ph.GA","authors_text":"Alyson M. Brooks, Charlotte R. Christensen","submitted_at":"2015-11-12T21:15:43Z","abstract_excerpt":"The latest generation of cosmological simulations are on the verge of being able to resolve the structure of bulges for the first time. Hence, we review the current state of bulge formation in cosmological simulations, and discuss open questions that can be addressed in the near future by simulators, with a particular focus on merger-driven bulge growth. Galaxy mergers have long been assumed to produce classical bulges in disk galaxies. Under this bulge-formation model, though, the high rates of mergers in Cold Dark Matter galaxy formation theory predict many more classical bulges than are obs"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1511.04095","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T01:24:45Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"LEZ68mfNnCjwixIrIJLrklFC8mNm/enj89JC+ceGsvm/dIGq7CzRvlBlyMDyoh4ANQPiucEakJO9w7zuSs/EDA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-22T03:43:21.815023Z"},"content_sha256":"d6d61d36bfd3216ee603234f5503ea7510a2692d34edf93dcc9aace2a88e35e7","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:d6d61d36bfd3216ee603234f5503ea7510a2692d34edf93dcc9aace2a88e35e7"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/TBQOEYCWBY4GNSVDWUJ4DFYWF4/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/TBQOEYCWBY4GNSVDWUJ4DFYWF4/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/TBQOEYCWBY4GNSVDWUJ4DFYWF4/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-05-22T03:43:21Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/TBQOEYCWBY4GNSVDWUJ4DFYWF4","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/TBQOEYCWBY4GNSVDWUJ4DFYWF4/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/TBQOEYCWBY4GNSVDWUJ4DFYWF4/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/TBQOEYCWBY4GNSVDWUJ4DFYWF4/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2015:TBQOEYCWBY4GNSVDWUJ4DFYWF4","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"3d30318913044aceb4d27c93cab964df3c0d194581e5ed008c1b91c224731a62","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.GA","submitted_at":"2015-11-12T21:15:43Z","title_canon_sha256":"fb9583bd12aef9d44138bd0aa85415031f9e253926677d749bc72aa1f150199b"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1511.04095","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1511.04095","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:24:45Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1511.04095v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:24:45Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1511.04095","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:24:45Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"TBQOEYCWBY4G","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:29:42Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"TBQOEYCWBY4GNSVD","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:29:42Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"TBQOEYCW","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:29:42Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:d6d61d36bfd3216ee603234f5503ea7510a2692d34edf93dcc9aace2a88e35e7","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:24:45Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"The latest generation of cosmological simulations are on the verge of being able to resolve the structure of bulges for the first time. Hence, we review the current state of bulge formation in cosmological simulations, and discuss open questions that can be addressed in the near future by simulators, with a particular focus on merger-driven bulge growth. Galaxy mergers have long been assumed to produce classical bulges in disk galaxies. Under this bulge-formation model, though, the high rates of mergers in Cold Dark Matter galaxy formation theory predict many more classical bulges than are obs","authors_text":"Alyson M. Brooks, Charlotte R. Christensen","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.GA","submitted_at":"2015-11-12T21:15:43Z","title":"Bulge Formation via Mergers in Cosmological Simulations"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1511.04095","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:4095c082fe4a1c67aed8f1299fc01db8260b59087c63d6a0e301bfba6b7fe323","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:24:45Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"3d30318913044aceb4d27c93cab964df3c0d194581e5ed008c1b91c224731a62","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.GA","submitted_at":"2015-11-12T21:15:43Z","title_canon_sha256":"fb9583bd12aef9d44138bd0aa85415031f9e253926677d749bc72aa1f150199b"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1511.04095","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"9860e260560e3866caa3b513c197162f1a7fcf798feaba73c4a97070eb2bb82c","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"9860e260560e3866caa3b513c197162f1a7fcf798feaba73c4a97070eb2bb82c","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T01:24:45.559584Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T01:24:45.559584Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"sAI/ZNTfwZVfvRK3kjAG1+bDtuVjQQ7SKoAxuYOUhugT4xybhMwLTye3TEN4kFy7tlcVry+JfyqgRa7ommmsAg==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T01:24:45.560150Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1511.04095","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:4095c082fe4a1c67aed8f1299fc01db8260b59087c63d6a0e301bfba6b7fe323","sha256:d6d61d36bfd3216ee603234f5503ea7510a2692d34edf93dcc9aace2a88e35e7"],"state_sha256":"cbe759244290cb05c278c688ece0c2a71dcf5ffdb76997e3d701c0eda2e6e440"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"lQaI07P5gWwiEchqygB5zNTvxUEZs65cUmtOn+vE/GCEcJTFhIUrqbQL7Vso2Hz8yMm32xviTMvqZXjO8iQoCg==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-22T03:43:21.817979Z","bundle_sha256":"e7a3159dda2250c61d98ba3a105e6e687b680a6e9eae4c125571b1968ad62ee6"}}