{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2023:TCYOCZZFAP3Z6YMEIGCSOQ6UUA","short_pith_number":"pith:TCYOCZZF","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2303.00808","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"physics.ao-ph","submitted_at":"2023-03-01T20:21:29Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"1bfc40aec2eff7b5f9c347dd412e0e6ee930b8b20def85f9911c67ffd8aa9a10","abstract_canon_sha256":"3544301fea5942f44d81d5baa8deb3f939fcc9a47f24e62c9ad121eec3e5be7a"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"98b0e1672503f79f618441852743d4a02d4d2383f287977c8d7b49b5c69d054e","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2303.00808","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2303.00808","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:47:22Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2303.00808v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:47:22Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2303.00808","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:47:22Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"TCYOCZZFAP3Z","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:47:22Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"TCYOCZZFAP3Z6YME","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:47:22Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"TCYOCZZF","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:47:22Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2023:TCYOCZZFAP3Z6YMEIGCSOQ6UUA","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2303.00808","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"physics.ao-ph","submitted_at":"2023-03-01T20:21:29Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"1bfc40aec2eff7b5f9c347dd412e0e6ee930b8b20def85f9911c67ffd8aa9a10","abstract_canon_sha256":"3544301fea5942f44d81d5baa8deb3f939fcc9a47f24e62c9ad121eec3e5be7a"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"98b0e1672503f79f618441852743d4a02d4d2383f287977c8d7b49b5c69d054e","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T05:47:22.947830Z","signature_b64":"YFPXhCF0/1LcF0O6VkBKuZDw4EWYfB3altVf3seUrBS7TGnLfAcK8+7rie5wNVfFco1Ih1mm2sHYFVlx1lIcCg==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"98b0e1672503f79f618441852743d4a02d4d2383f287977c8d7b49b5c69d054e","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T05:47:22.947360Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T05:47:22.947360Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2303.00808","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T05:47:22Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"j1XpQpiLOHj8/0b5tGPXJYJ5r60GhcQkalgPSWaLJGwTbI2g0Ou5YSW8nlHONhGkvSisqvA4QtJpS+RQJAKRAg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-14T16:25:56.671443Z"},"content_sha256":"a14ca3df0840e3a97a6bfe1665a72c510e316a0080a58b27efcd875dada533f0","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:a14ca3df0840e3a97a6bfe1665a72c510e316a0080a58b27efcd875dada533f0"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2023:TCYOCZZFAP3Z6YMEIGCSOQ6UUA","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Atmosphere and Greenhouse Gas Primer","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"physics.ao-ph","authors_text":"W. A. van Wijngaarden, W. Happer","submitted_at":"2023-03-01T20:21:29Z","abstract_excerpt":"We discuss how greenhouse gases affect radiation transfer in Earth's atmosphere. We explain how greenhouse gases like water vapor or carbon dioxide, differ from non-greenhouse gases like nitrogen or oxygen. Using simple thermodynamics and fluid mechanics, we show that a planet with sufficiently high concentrations of greenhouse gases must develop a convecting troposphere. The planet must also develop a non-convecting stratosphere above the tropopause. In the simplest approximation of an atmosphere that is transparent to sunlight and has frequency-independent opacity for thermal radiation, one "},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2303.00808","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2303.00808/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T05:47:22Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"a3Z17k2pUrsxigXwPqf32aBPiUWT+zo9Y1SnoWk0G+wLTelp1ozg3QZjkaIqxCwXPpI4AbMeK/14U3SeLv8vAQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-14T16:25:56.672351Z"},"content_sha256":"ab9701b490e6405815c22311540940dd7347375ea7163d34f6997382c3eda62f","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:ab9701b490e6405815c22311540940dd7347375ea7163d34f6997382c3eda62f"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/TCYOCZZFAP3Z6YMEIGCSOQ6UUA/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/TCYOCZZFAP3Z6YMEIGCSOQ6UUA/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/TCYOCZZFAP3Z6YMEIGCSOQ6UUA/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-14T16:25:56Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/TCYOCZZFAP3Z6YMEIGCSOQ6UUA","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/TCYOCZZFAP3Z6YMEIGCSOQ6UUA/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/TCYOCZZFAP3Z6YMEIGCSOQ6UUA/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/TCYOCZZFAP3Z6YMEIGCSOQ6UUA/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2023:TCYOCZZFAP3Z6YMEIGCSOQ6UUA","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"3544301fea5942f44d81d5baa8deb3f939fcc9a47f24e62c9ad121eec3e5be7a","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"physics.ao-ph","submitted_at":"2023-03-01T20:21:29Z","title_canon_sha256":"1bfc40aec2eff7b5f9c347dd412e0e6ee930b8b20def85f9911c67ffd8aa9a10"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2303.00808","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2303.00808","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:47:22Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2303.00808v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:47:22Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2303.00808","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:47:22Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"TCYOCZZFAP3Z","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:47:22Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"TCYOCZZFAP3Z6YME","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:47:22Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"TCYOCZZF","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:47:22Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:ab9701b490e6405815c22311540940dd7347375ea7163d34f6997382c3eda62f","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:47:22Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2303.00808/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"We discuss how greenhouse gases affect radiation transfer in Earth's atmosphere. We explain how greenhouse gases like water vapor or carbon dioxide, differ from non-greenhouse gases like nitrogen or oxygen. Using simple thermodynamics and fluid mechanics, we show that a planet with sufficiently high concentrations of greenhouse gases must develop a convecting troposphere. The planet must also develop a non-convecting stratosphere above the tropopause. In the simplest approximation of an atmosphere that is transparent to sunlight and has frequency-independent opacity for thermal radiation, one ","authors_text":"W. A. van Wijngaarden, W. Happer","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"physics.ao-ph","submitted_at":"2023-03-01T20:21:29Z","title":"Atmosphere and Greenhouse Gas Primer"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2303.00808","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:a14ca3df0840e3a97a6bfe1665a72c510e316a0080a58b27efcd875dada533f0","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:47:22Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"3544301fea5942f44d81d5baa8deb3f939fcc9a47f24e62c9ad121eec3e5be7a","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"physics.ao-ph","submitted_at":"2023-03-01T20:21:29Z","title_canon_sha256":"1bfc40aec2eff7b5f9c347dd412e0e6ee930b8b20def85f9911c67ffd8aa9a10"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2303.00808","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"98b0e1672503f79f618441852743d4a02d4d2383f287977c8d7b49b5c69d054e","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"98b0e1672503f79f618441852743d4a02d4d2383f287977c8d7b49b5c69d054e","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T05:47:22.947360Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T05:47:22.947360Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"YFPXhCF0/1LcF0O6VkBKuZDw4EWYfB3altVf3seUrBS7TGnLfAcK8+7rie5wNVfFco1Ih1mm2sHYFVlx1lIcCg==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T05:47:22.947830Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2303.00808","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:a14ca3df0840e3a97a6bfe1665a72c510e316a0080a58b27efcd875dada533f0","sha256:ab9701b490e6405815c22311540940dd7347375ea7163d34f6997382c3eda62f"],"state_sha256":"a3d045b1f48bb20080d44589a0ea5dc91ef888a98eec599d33dc899d005da8df"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"fvViiIukFp3VZK9vPE2pa9NwLJUEwcHz7QqvG8gxsRyDx0yhZ2E2dbuZX/ZpTdNzKp/QKcU4lyW/DVPSBj6aAg==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-14T16:25:56.679009Z","bundle_sha256":"724f5a4d8304122faf521b21d4f2abc105da8b8c0d54b8c4c6401306a2df379b"}}