{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2012:THDB7RJ43BUGH4XDXGUPIM2ZQQ","short_pith_number":"pith:THDB7RJ4","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1203.5830","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2012-03-26T22:14:15Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"a0a837f541dad9527c29d17b894f02017c75e1777727618a45a64d41dcb3f86a","abstract_canon_sha256":"5698889441c68ab9da9725f97f34e295a6da0bc3afcdf7d99536d5bd72955f91"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"99c61fc53cd86863f2e3b9a8f433598431d8b5908232a694e3ccc52d6af6e837","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1203.5830","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1203.5830","created_at":"2026-05-18T03:59:13Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1203.5830v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T03:59:13Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1203.5830","created_at":"2026-05-18T03:59:13Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"THDB7RJ43BUG","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:27:23Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"THDB7RJ43BUGH4XD","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:27:23Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"THDB7RJ4","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:27:23Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2012:THDB7RJ43BUGH4XDXGUPIM2ZQQ","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1203.5830","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2012-03-26T22:14:15Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"a0a837f541dad9527c29d17b894f02017c75e1777727618a45a64d41dcb3f86a","abstract_canon_sha256":"5698889441c68ab9da9725f97f34e295a6da0bc3afcdf7d99536d5bd72955f91"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"99c61fc53cd86863f2e3b9a8f433598431d8b5908232a694e3ccc52d6af6e837","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T03:59:13.329494Z","signature_b64":"J4uq8tGBD4+WesA7+KSORG28QKlJaF2WkMhyxD2xlVdN5a1J5r16WHGO42YZXp4NO31uiYsx2R7ZnZs0WsjJBA==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"99c61fc53cd86863f2e3b9a8f433598431d8b5908232a694e3ccc52d6af6e837","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T03:59:13.328695Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T03:59:13.328695Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1203.5830","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T03:59:13Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"B/8dZ0F7uASAES0ejnXT3QcfCHg3sPCY6FWu/IpZ2dHM3WfZ7wLZuWCSUzK1Bjrj7sDcUUjZpY8d/hpsyA2PDA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-30T08:37:25.311154Z"},"content_sha256":"50e450a84f008f3826e6d96275fe6b8e4bee94a32555d1b8b451bdd63ac7176b","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:50e450a84f008f3826e6d96275fe6b8e4bee94a32555d1b8b451bdd63ac7176b"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2012:THDB7RJ43BUGH4XDXGUPIM2ZQQ","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"An Independent Validation of Vulnerability Discovery Models","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"cs.CR","authors_text":"Fabio Massacci, Viet Hung Nguyen","submitted_at":"2012-03-26T22:14:15Z","abstract_excerpt":"Having a precise vulnerability discovery model (VDM) would provide a useful quantitative insight to assess software security. Thus far, several models have been proposed with some evidence supporting their goodness-of-fit.\n  In this work we describe an independent validation of the applicability of six existing VDMs in seventeen releases of the three popular browsers Firefox, Google Chrome and Internet Explorer. We have collected five different kinds of data sets based on different definitions of a vulnerability. We introduce two quantitative metrics, goodness-of-fit entropy and goodness-of-fi"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1203.5830","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T03:59:13Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"mouY33Thj6xMEj4E51/z+0GRYiUdSR2DQe04WrEI4Hm5jbo803K8c+hFCB4Yd1vwtiEDSNp+gR/2vpmrHuE/BQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-30T08:37:25.311523Z"},"content_sha256":"c70e99d3551b589728357877ac8c72f847bbf271821da9b4b37ce90109b2de24","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:c70e99d3551b589728357877ac8c72f847bbf271821da9b4b37ce90109b2de24"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/THDB7RJ43BUGH4XDXGUPIM2ZQQ/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/THDB7RJ43BUGH4XDXGUPIM2ZQQ/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/THDB7RJ43BUGH4XDXGUPIM2ZQQ/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-05-30T08:37:25Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/THDB7RJ43BUGH4XDXGUPIM2ZQQ","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/THDB7RJ43BUGH4XDXGUPIM2ZQQ/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/THDB7RJ43BUGH4XDXGUPIM2ZQQ/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/THDB7RJ43BUGH4XDXGUPIM2ZQQ/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2012:THDB7RJ43BUGH4XDXGUPIM2ZQQ","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"5698889441c68ab9da9725f97f34e295a6da0bc3afcdf7d99536d5bd72955f91","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2012-03-26T22:14:15Z","title_canon_sha256":"a0a837f541dad9527c29d17b894f02017c75e1777727618a45a64d41dcb3f86a"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1203.5830","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1203.5830","created_at":"2026-05-18T03:59:13Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1203.5830v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T03:59:13Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1203.5830","created_at":"2026-05-18T03:59:13Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"THDB7RJ43BUG","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:27:23Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"THDB7RJ43BUGH4XD","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:27:23Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"THDB7RJ4","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:27:23Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:c70e99d3551b589728357877ac8c72f847bbf271821da9b4b37ce90109b2de24","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T03:59:13Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Having a precise vulnerability discovery model (VDM) would provide a useful quantitative insight to assess software security. Thus far, several models have been proposed with some evidence supporting their goodness-of-fit.\n  In this work we describe an independent validation of the applicability of six existing VDMs in seventeen releases of the three popular browsers Firefox, Google Chrome and Internet Explorer. We have collected five different kinds of data sets based on different definitions of a vulnerability. We introduce two quantitative metrics, goodness-of-fit entropy and goodness-of-fi","authors_text":"Fabio Massacci, Viet Hung Nguyen","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2012-03-26T22:14:15Z","title":"An Independent Validation of Vulnerability Discovery Models"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1203.5830","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:50e450a84f008f3826e6d96275fe6b8e4bee94a32555d1b8b451bdd63ac7176b","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T03:59:13Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"5698889441c68ab9da9725f97f34e295a6da0bc3afcdf7d99536d5bd72955f91","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2012-03-26T22:14:15Z","title_canon_sha256":"a0a837f541dad9527c29d17b894f02017c75e1777727618a45a64d41dcb3f86a"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1203.5830","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"99c61fc53cd86863f2e3b9a8f433598431d8b5908232a694e3ccc52d6af6e837","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"99c61fc53cd86863f2e3b9a8f433598431d8b5908232a694e3ccc52d6af6e837","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T03:59:13.328695Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T03:59:13.328695Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"J4uq8tGBD4+WesA7+KSORG28QKlJaF2WkMhyxD2xlVdN5a1J5r16WHGO42YZXp4NO31uiYsx2R7ZnZs0WsjJBA==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T03:59:13.329494Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1203.5830","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:50e450a84f008f3826e6d96275fe6b8e4bee94a32555d1b8b451bdd63ac7176b","sha256:c70e99d3551b589728357877ac8c72f847bbf271821da9b4b37ce90109b2de24"],"state_sha256":"0cc6ed032c88035378683a83d63b6b5a7686139bcaa7fb23522d2bacd201b61e"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"BCbYIxyNXXmEh8r73+zV2HA0QZZNDk5nzn2jp9DZaaj8Hw8rM6rQqGRYbFXD2s1+tiyIwnT012ewiQbFD/CHDQ==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-30T08:37:25.313635Z","bundle_sha256":"275834ea7b49e8f89bbcfb8a71d5b8e8bf2d47643dd16e80e8359be000081576"}}