{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2020:TI6QIIAESYS6SWWQQTQU4ZE5FV","short_pith_number":"pith:TI6QIIAE","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2002.08912","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2020-02-20T17:54:57Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"62e099dd2a00c7ba19ffa8437f2e1829bb61a1109abc5895d10e136dfbf5d08a","abstract_canon_sha256":"8631a341550ae48bae9a01ee2902e2fe5f0ad24f946cdaba49fc05d0ecd5a463"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"9a3d0420049625e95ad084e14e649d2d61c7b0346068fd5195f3bc386a80a1c2","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2002.08912","version":3},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2002.08912","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:32:00Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2002.08912v3","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:32:00Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2002.08912","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:32:00Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"TI6QIIAESYS6","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:32:00Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"TI6QIIAESYS6SWWQ","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:32:00Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"TI6QIIAE","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:32:00Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2020:TI6QIIAESYS6SWWQQTQU4ZE5FV","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2002.08912","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2020-02-20T17:54:57Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"62e099dd2a00c7ba19ffa8437f2e1829bb61a1109abc5895d10e136dfbf5d08a","abstract_canon_sha256":"8631a341550ae48bae9a01ee2902e2fe5f0ad24f946cdaba49fc05d0ecd5a463"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"9a3d0420049625e95ad084e14e649d2d61c7b0346068fd5195f3bc386a80a1c2","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T01:32:00.307163Z","signature_b64":"7yG2NsFTwSCmfyKhnbzr306n7sNWmjoaIdqxW0WbUrn5gHSTV20YYJMV3Hzz1WMFzvCIW0SAaZ5gC4GUoPoIBA==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"9a3d0420049625e95ad084e14e649d2d61c7b0346068fd5195f3bc386a80a1c2","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T01:32:00.306763Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T01:32:00.306763Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2002.08912","source_version":3,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T01:32:00Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"qdUZxemPF1+qBY//PfcuSo3BwliS9bPCWgTZet9Pz6/CP/aOQxL3f+P7bjxeBtEJns9ModVTeHoygj6tikK2Cg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-07T06:39:04.878755Z"},"content_sha256":"e255e8714a7527421a5dd01c4fa25d2a0b3297043bca0340cfba569826e2ae6a","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:e255e8714a7527421a5dd01c4fa25d2a0b3297043bca0340cfba569826e2ae6a"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2020:TI6QIIAESYS6SWWQQTQU4ZE5FV","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Modeling the Impact of Network Connectivity on Consensus Security of Proof-of-Work Blockchain","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"cs.CR","authors_text":"Ning Zhang, Wenjing Lou, Yang Xiao, Y. Thomas Hou","submitted_at":"2020-02-20T17:54:57Z","abstract_excerpt":"Blockchain, the technology behind the popular Bitcoin, is considered a \"security by design\" system as it is meant to create security among a group of distrustful parties yet without a central trusted authority. The security of blockchain relies on the premise of honest-majority, namely, the blockchain system is assumed to be secure as long as the majority of consensus voting power is honest. And in the case of proof-of-work (PoW) blockchain, adversaries cannot control more than 50% of the network's gross computing power. However, this 50% threshold is based on the analysis of computing power o"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2002.08912","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2002.08912/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T01:32:00Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"mekL7WKsoHTpTIE4aaUXKvjSoX/EDCAORwe5/Lt2H2SOhkhGjIGkEQafQFv43FtZqFdl4+KbsOL+8xEAwufZCA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-07T06:39:04.879493Z"},"content_sha256":"24a4a85b06679441a838ad87f9b1be239c3c0d39ed125155fb70a8fdf53b423b","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:24a4a85b06679441a838ad87f9b1be239c3c0d39ed125155fb70a8fdf53b423b"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/TI6QIIAESYS6SWWQQTQU4ZE5FV/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/TI6QIIAESYS6SWWQQTQU4ZE5FV/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/TI6QIIAESYS6SWWQQTQU4ZE5FV/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-07-07T06:39:04Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/TI6QIIAESYS6SWWQQTQU4ZE5FV","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/TI6QIIAESYS6SWWQQTQU4ZE5FV/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/TI6QIIAESYS6SWWQQTQU4ZE5FV/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/TI6QIIAESYS6SWWQQTQU4ZE5FV/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2020:TI6QIIAESYS6SWWQQTQU4ZE5FV","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"8631a341550ae48bae9a01ee2902e2fe5f0ad24f946cdaba49fc05d0ecd5a463","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2020-02-20T17:54:57Z","title_canon_sha256":"62e099dd2a00c7ba19ffa8437f2e1829bb61a1109abc5895d10e136dfbf5d08a"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2002.08912","kind":"arxiv","version":3}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2002.08912","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:32:00Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2002.08912v3","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:32:00Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2002.08912","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:32:00Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"TI6QIIAESYS6","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:32:00Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"TI6QIIAESYS6SWWQ","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:32:00Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"TI6QIIAE","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:32:00Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:24a4a85b06679441a838ad87f9b1be239c3c0d39ed125155fb70a8fdf53b423b","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:32:00Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2002.08912/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Blockchain, the technology behind the popular Bitcoin, is considered a \"security by design\" system as it is meant to create security among a group of distrustful parties yet without a central trusted authority. The security of blockchain relies on the premise of honest-majority, namely, the blockchain system is assumed to be secure as long as the majority of consensus voting power is honest. And in the case of proof-of-work (PoW) blockchain, adversaries cannot control more than 50% of the network's gross computing power. However, this 50% threshold is based on the analysis of computing power o","authors_text":"Ning Zhang, Wenjing Lou, Yang Xiao, Y. Thomas Hou","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2020-02-20T17:54:57Z","title":"Modeling the Impact of Network Connectivity on Consensus Security of Proof-of-Work Blockchain"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2002.08912","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:e255e8714a7527421a5dd01c4fa25d2a0b3297043bca0340cfba569826e2ae6a","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:32:00Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"8631a341550ae48bae9a01ee2902e2fe5f0ad24f946cdaba49fc05d0ecd5a463","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2020-02-20T17:54:57Z","title_canon_sha256":"62e099dd2a00c7ba19ffa8437f2e1829bb61a1109abc5895d10e136dfbf5d08a"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2002.08912","kind":"arxiv","version":3}},"canonical_sha256":"9a3d0420049625e95ad084e14e649d2d61c7b0346068fd5195f3bc386a80a1c2","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"9a3d0420049625e95ad084e14e649d2d61c7b0346068fd5195f3bc386a80a1c2","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T01:32:00.306763Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T01:32:00.306763Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"7yG2NsFTwSCmfyKhnbzr306n7sNWmjoaIdqxW0WbUrn5gHSTV20YYJMV3Hzz1WMFzvCIW0SAaZ5gC4GUoPoIBA==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T01:32:00.307163Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2002.08912","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":3}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:e255e8714a7527421a5dd01c4fa25d2a0b3297043bca0340cfba569826e2ae6a","sha256:24a4a85b06679441a838ad87f9b1be239c3c0d39ed125155fb70a8fdf53b423b"],"state_sha256":"fe2cf45bdc9962ee26bea3987db251f105612eb086ca6570e1240b566b9385ad"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"sPX+L7+QROcfpB2zfNGDo48RSPNbK9XXIhIFfuHBNGIOuLlmEdcfXTQhqok1SCLT6uolv5JEQWGViK9U6vocCA==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-07T06:39:04.883023Z","bundle_sha256":"ccfd13163da05081d32bae7a4bbea5bc1601f484b46482adb9a89b89a11966e8"}}