{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2012:TJ5ZJRCH66H3SKPR3EMMS44K4W","short_pith_number":"pith:TJ5ZJRCH","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1203.3824","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.CO","submitted_at":"2012-03-16T22:14:38Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"7b2651628c2e71237da27db1ed38d5d27a38eea0016053ec65c1c4535784a4da","abstract_canon_sha256":"57f6ec339f3148d13d46bb168dd32aee7f87d035c39c57baefbb3ea8da10ff62"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"9a7b94c447f78fb929f1d918c9738ae5b1fa544f2a40e71e6c4f4021a94cccca","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1203.3824","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1203.3824","created_at":"2026-05-18T03:59:48Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1203.3824v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T03:59:48Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1203.3824","created_at":"2026-05-18T03:59:48Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"TJ5ZJRCH66H3","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:27:23Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"TJ5ZJRCH66H3SKPR","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:27:23Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"TJ5ZJRCH","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:27:23Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2012:TJ5ZJRCH66H3SKPR3EMMS44K4W","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1203.3824","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.CO","submitted_at":"2012-03-16T22:14:38Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"7b2651628c2e71237da27db1ed38d5d27a38eea0016053ec65c1c4535784a4da","abstract_canon_sha256":"57f6ec339f3148d13d46bb168dd32aee7f87d035c39c57baefbb3ea8da10ff62"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"9a7b94c447f78fb929f1d918c9738ae5b1fa544f2a40e71e6c4f4021a94cccca","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T03:59:48.884871Z","signature_b64":"Pqs7P3o8OhGnLwitGAnd/T71Ip4pJi9x4GX9+UWMki/esnblGJbd7uHcDPmLwk+Q8Lj16FaQSDwEb0723SrWCQ==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"9a7b94c447f78fb929f1d918c9738ae5b1fa544f2a40e71e6c4f4021a94cccca","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T03:59:48.884437Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T03:59:48.884437Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1203.3824","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T03:59:48Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"lAAgzgFl6L1PnGlRdMwLtjjkwSZ9G760CNxJsCiT6/lA+KhunTm+3McQkmUH6wjedgqccSUGCDynZcovpu0VAQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-25T15:08:27.770558Z"},"content_sha256":"729903818421664f1fe60e26d775f30f07f41f715110a4ce666c0c07411fc591","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:729903818421664f1fe60e26d775f30f07f41f715110a4ce666c0c07411fc591"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2012:TJ5ZJRCH66H3SKPR3EMMS44K4W","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"The First Stars and Galaxies - Basic Principles","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"astro-ph.CO","authors_text":"Volker Bromm","submitted_at":"2012-03-16T22:14:38Z","abstract_excerpt":"Understanding the formation of the first stars and galaxies is a key problem in modern cosmology. In these lecture notes, we will derive some of the basic physical principles underlying this emerging field. We will consider the basic cosmological context, the cooling and chemistry in primordial gas, the physics of gravitational instability, and the main properties of the first stars. We will conclude with a discussion of the observational signature of the first sources of light, to be probed with future telescopes, such as the James Webb Space Telescope."},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1203.3824","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T03:59:48Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"gsjvmCJKnnltChX4ERFWEexV0hlV5VZWKW+TTmMrql/HwD4BjrNnHrDEI4S+0tA7ZSLe5jI+nJsQ62681CUVBg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-25T15:08:27.771236Z"},"content_sha256":"44d8d8280d32ebc339361e37716f65b8c0e1ed99f33a54fda80e709d458dca86","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:44d8d8280d32ebc339361e37716f65b8c0e1ed99f33a54fda80e709d458dca86"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/TJ5ZJRCH66H3SKPR3EMMS44K4W/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/TJ5ZJRCH66H3SKPR3EMMS44K4W/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/TJ5ZJRCH66H3SKPR3EMMS44K4W/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-05-25T15:08:27Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/TJ5ZJRCH66H3SKPR3EMMS44K4W","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/TJ5ZJRCH66H3SKPR3EMMS44K4W/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/TJ5ZJRCH66H3SKPR3EMMS44K4W/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/TJ5ZJRCH66H3SKPR3EMMS44K4W/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2012:TJ5ZJRCH66H3SKPR3EMMS44K4W","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"57f6ec339f3148d13d46bb168dd32aee7f87d035c39c57baefbb3ea8da10ff62","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.CO","submitted_at":"2012-03-16T22:14:38Z","title_canon_sha256":"7b2651628c2e71237da27db1ed38d5d27a38eea0016053ec65c1c4535784a4da"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1203.3824","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1203.3824","created_at":"2026-05-18T03:59:48Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1203.3824v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T03:59:48Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1203.3824","created_at":"2026-05-18T03:59:48Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"TJ5ZJRCH66H3","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:27:23Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"TJ5ZJRCH66H3SKPR","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:27:23Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"TJ5ZJRCH","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:27:23Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:44d8d8280d32ebc339361e37716f65b8c0e1ed99f33a54fda80e709d458dca86","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T03:59:48Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Understanding the formation of the first stars and galaxies is a key problem in modern cosmology. In these lecture notes, we will derive some of the basic physical principles underlying this emerging field. We will consider the basic cosmological context, the cooling and chemistry in primordial gas, the physics of gravitational instability, and the main properties of the first stars. We will conclude with a discussion of the observational signature of the first sources of light, to be probed with future telescopes, such as the James Webb Space Telescope.","authors_text":"Volker Bromm","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.CO","submitted_at":"2012-03-16T22:14:38Z","title":"The First Stars and Galaxies - Basic Principles"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1203.3824","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:729903818421664f1fe60e26d775f30f07f41f715110a4ce666c0c07411fc591","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T03:59:48Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"57f6ec339f3148d13d46bb168dd32aee7f87d035c39c57baefbb3ea8da10ff62","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.CO","submitted_at":"2012-03-16T22:14:38Z","title_canon_sha256":"7b2651628c2e71237da27db1ed38d5d27a38eea0016053ec65c1c4535784a4da"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1203.3824","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"9a7b94c447f78fb929f1d918c9738ae5b1fa544f2a40e71e6c4f4021a94cccca","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"9a7b94c447f78fb929f1d918c9738ae5b1fa544f2a40e71e6c4f4021a94cccca","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T03:59:48.884437Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T03:59:48.884437Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"Pqs7P3o8OhGnLwitGAnd/T71Ip4pJi9x4GX9+UWMki/esnblGJbd7uHcDPmLwk+Q8Lj16FaQSDwEb0723SrWCQ==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T03:59:48.884871Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1203.3824","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:729903818421664f1fe60e26d775f30f07f41f715110a4ce666c0c07411fc591","sha256:44d8d8280d32ebc339361e37716f65b8c0e1ed99f33a54fda80e709d458dca86"],"state_sha256":"c8fb609ceaa079df21a381f99bc7965d76fd55a570dd5f07085637394b54504c"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"IQ64Rx6Bf9XdZ+2GeO5mVsaRlE9ewef7us5T0R7ajoaHNXAdPKwXaJLSDFewYBPVgotg5DucgzkaanYL/kOfCA==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-25T15:08:27.774903Z","bundle_sha256":"4639e8b65056349daa8489bb63d174b7c35b4652f6cbb547458ec3e0c19d1d4c"}}