{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2024:TKQEQ4DJRRHXFYHAEDK6P27624","short_pith_number":"pith:TKQEQ4DJ","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2403.07918","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CY","submitted_at":"2024-02-27T16:49:53Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.LG"],"title_canon_sha256":"54e9bf94f68bb6a3a0044ef95778398c6a013ab01d21ea6d80379cc4050fd263","abstract_canon_sha256":"6be98ba5f28ace131db3fd11f3e9fa91173a58d6c3183be60966e3746d1086cf"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"9aa04870698c4f72e0e020d5e7ebfed70982e5ff578a3723ce27de19c107a421","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2403.07918","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2403.07918","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:55:31Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2403.07918v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:55:31Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2403.07918","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:55:31Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"TKQEQ4DJRRHX","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:55:31Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"TKQEQ4DJRRHXFYHA","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:55:31Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"TKQEQ4DJ","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:55:31Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2024:TKQEQ4DJRRHXFYHAEDK6P27624","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2403.07918","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CY","submitted_at":"2024-02-27T16:49:53Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.LG"],"title_canon_sha256":"54e9bf94f68bb6a3a0044ef95778398c6a013ab01d21ea6d80379cc4050fd263","abstract_canon_sha256":"6be98ba5f28ace131db3fd11f3e9fa91173a58d6c3183be60966e3746d1086cf"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"9aa04870698c4f72e0e020d5e7ebfed70982e5ff578a3723ce27de19c107a421","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T07:55:31.899731Z","signature_b64":"eqQdjXD33A07cBelzlLuyXaUsi09qnXaNZfc8OIvY1eEpP3JRA7UO2U2SaGTvfF4Aw2pBYlHwbGPnG5jBi8gBA==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"9aa04870698c4f72e0e020d5e7ebfed70982e5ff578a3723ce27de19c107a421","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T07:55:31.899146Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T07:55:31.899146Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2403.07918","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T07:55:31Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"cFfIdEGyqmALaylpPzXuJQkSoBy1f88DGtVMgtav4bLwccbO/WNVAs6LZY9kBwW+fUq4qFnf9CeKLatQhufbCg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-18T03:51:42.878264Z"},"content_sha256":"078f63c2ea208dc8434d63c4b6f99e3f04a2cca5fcb5efe0365e876341a78e1b","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:078f63c2ea208dc8434d63c4b6f99e3f04a2cca5fcb5efe0365e876341a78e1b"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2024:TKQEQ4DJRRHXFYHAEDK6P27624","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"On the Societal Impact of Open Foundation Models","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.AI","cs.LG"],"primary_cat":"cs.CY","authors_text":"Alex Engler, Alondra Nelson, Arvind Narayanan, Ashwin Ramaswami, Aspen Hopkins, Aviya Skowron, Daniel E. Ho, Daniel Zhang, Dawn Song, Joelle Pineau, Kevin Bankston, Kevin Klyman, Miranda Bogen, Percy Liang, Peter Cihon, Peter Henderson, Rishi Bommasani, Rumman Chowdhury, Sayash Kapoor, Seth Lazar, Shayne Longpre, Stefano Maffulli, Stella Biderman, Victor Storchan, Yacine Jernite","submitted_at":"2024-02-27T16:49:53Z","abstract_excerpt":"Foundation models are powerful technologies: how they are released publicly directly shapes their societal impact. In this position paper, we focus on open foundation models, defined here as those with broadly available model weights (e.g. Llama 2, Stable Diffusion XL). We identify five distinctive properties (e.g. greater customizability, poor monitoring) of open foundation models that lead to both their benefits and risks. Open foundation models present significant benefits, with some caveats, that span innovation, competition, the distribution of decision-making power, and transparency. To "},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2403.07918","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2403.07918/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T07:55:31Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"eN95icvw64ugSUSIgXc/QFHpKOsWSGHTj1dMElSXWbkvsVlutp8fnYnmv54wELt4E5lfQVbb8z6JyleiJSJhAA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-18T03:51:42.878839Z"},"content_sha256":"7c97f43b32ba17ef223727215a47ef88f5c08cb775b9c087ae885eb561ab36f5","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:7c97f43b32ba17ef223727215a47ef88f5c08cb775b9c087ae885eb561ab36f5"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/TKQEQ4DJRRHXFYHAEDK6P27624/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/TKQEQ4DJRRHXFYHAEDK6P27624/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/TKQEQ4DJRRHXFYHAEDK6P27624/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-18T03:51:42Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/TKQEQ4DJRRHXFYHAEDK6P27624","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/TKQEQ4DJRRHXFYHAEDK6P27624/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/TKQEQ4DJRRHXFYHAEDK6P27624/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/TKQEQ4DJRRHXFYHAEDK6P27624/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2024:TKQEQ4DJRRHXFYHAEDK6P27624","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"6be98ba5f28ace131db3fd11f3e9fa91173a58d6c3183be60966e3746d1086cf","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.LG"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CY","submitted_at":"2024-02-27T16:49:53Z","title_canon_sha256":"54e9bf94f68bb6a3a0044ef95778398c6a013ab01d21ea6d80379cc4050fd263"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2403.07918","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2403.07918","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:55:31Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2403.07918v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:55:31Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2403.07918","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:55:31Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"TKQEQ4DJRRHX","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:55:31Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"TKQEQ4DJRRHXFYHA","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:55:31Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"TKQEQ4DJ","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:55:31Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:7c97f43b32ba17ef223727215a47ef88f5c08cb775b9c087ae885eb561ab36f5","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:55:31Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2403.07918/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Foundation models are powerful technologies: how they are released publicly directly shapes their societal impact. In this position paper, we focus on open foundation models, defined here as those with broadly available model weights (e.g. Llama 2, Stable Diffusion XL). We identify five distinctive properties (e.g. greater customizability, poor monitoring) of open foundation models that lead to both their benefits and risks. Open foundation models present significant benefits, with some caveats, that span innovation, competition, the distribution of decision-making power, and transparency. To ","authors_text":"Alex Engler, Alondra Nelson, Arvind Narayanan, Ashwin Ramaswami, Aspen Hopkins, Aviya Skowron, Daniel E. Ho, Daniel Zhang, Dawn Song, Joelle Pineau, Kevin Bankston, Kevin Klyman, Miranda Bogen, Percy Liang, Peter Cihon, Peter Henderson, Rishi Bommasani, Rumman Chowdhury, Sayash Kapoor, Seth Lazar, Shayne Longpre, Stefano Maffulli, Stella Biderman, Victor Storchan, Yacine Jernite","cross_cats":["cs.AI","cs.LG"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CY","submitted_at":"2024-02-27T16:49:53Z","title":"On the Societal Impact of Open Foundation Models"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2403.07918","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:078f63c2ea208dc8434d63c4b6f99e3f04a2cca5fcb5efe0365e876341a78e1b","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:55:31Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"6be98ba5f28ace131db3fd11f3e9fa91173a58d6c3183be60966e3746d1086cf","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.LG"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CY","submitted_at":"2024-02-27T16:49:53Z","title_canon_sha256":"54e9bf94f68bb6a3a0044ef95778398c6a013ab01d21ea6d80379cc4050fd263"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2403.07918","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"9aa04870698c4f72e0e020d5e7ebfed70982e5ff578a3723ce27de19c107a421","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"9aa04870698c4f72e0e020d5e7ebfed70982e5ff578a3723ce27de19c107a421","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T07:55:31.899146Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T07:55:31.899146Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"eqQdjXD33A07cBelzlLuyXaUsi09qnXaNZfc8OIvY1eEpP3JRA7UO2U2SaGTvfF4Aw2pBYlHwbGPnG5jBi8gBA==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T07:55:31.899731Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2403.07918","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:078f63c2ea208dc8434d63c4b6f99e3f04a2cca5fcb5efe0365e876341a78e1b","sha256:7c97f43b32ba17ef223727215a47ef88f5c08cb775b9c087ae885eb561ab36f5"],"state_sha256":"bf3a890a0dfc65bc4135b52ae40ad76ea171e5cab00c9d92e74d8f118ac7e438"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"orBDiSP8szQ2i67oySWXSMhzfoMrD1KK30eAZ7IKdHm/iSGiIw2fSGov+xnbEunzae6kNyEeCzgYntuTf2yMCg==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-18T03:51:42.887748Z","bundle_sha256":"7201f6c1799c3aaa29a91b7dd7d768887bf39a95d14a61810c79c263d7c387e1"}}