{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2020:TO6XX7OYCWOIQI7XUCQ3A5NTKD","short_pith_number":"pith:TO6XX7OY","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2010.15843","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.CO","submitted_at":"2020-10-29T18:00:02Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.LG"],"title_canon_sha256":"6433c1ca5c3e21e5964b6be30d127252d28f8e06621b2e9eb939a190854b3242","abstract_canon_sha256":"6bfb9e2cebd2d30be0c014b45f49525914b20c7bded3f36ec39c0e3b10ab52b6"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"9bbd7bfdd8159c8823f7a0a1b075b350f89fca5f8bfaf82e203e5d7b8bbb79a3","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2010.15843","version":2},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2010.15843","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:45:34Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2010.15843v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:45:34Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2010.15843","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:45:34Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"TO6XX7OYCWOI","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:45:34Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"TO6XX7OYCWOIQI7X","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:45:34Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"TO6XX7OY","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:45:34Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2020:TO6XX7OYCWOIQI7XUCQ3A5NTKD","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2010.15843","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.CO","submitted_at":"2020-10-29T18:00:02Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.LG"],"title_canon_sha256":"6433c1ca5c3e21e5964b6be30d127252d28f8e06621b2e9eb939a190854b3242","abstract_canon_sha256":"6bfb9e2cebd2d30be0c014b45f49525914b20c7bded3f36ec39c0e3b10ab52b6"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"9bbd7bfdd8159c8823f7a0a1b075b350f89fca5f8bfaf82e203e5d7b8bbb79a3","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T02:45:34.086832Z","signature_b64":"AltD3ydPro1oCkd6TttxYupyHzIINBac0AiZHRRfObuyOVGVTArcPIFL9s8/CeAKmCUlTCdWMTf0mWrXa765Ag==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"9bbd7bfdd8159c8823f7a0a1b075b350f89fca5f8bfaf82e203e5d7b8bbb79a3","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T02:45:34.086437Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T02:45:34.086437Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2010.15843","source_version":2,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T02:45:34Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"whH8t9K1T7UIzF+DDCM3EN3FcrH3Tz84HdIbXuwWbBQVAWXUTDxz5IcV85WVPHndQ26EX891Neab+Hj5WikOCw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-07T00:34:00.980131Z"},"content_sha256":"e2a991de8864778795f0bd2123b2a720227fb99ede6da951d7bcb1fdc27f0338","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:e2a991de8864778795f0bd2123b2a720227fb99ede6da951d7bcb1fdc27f0338"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2020:TO6XX7OYCWOIQI7XUCQ3A5NTKD","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"deep21: a Deep Learning Method for 21cm Foreground Removal","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.LG"],"primary_cat":"astro-ph.CO","authors_text":"David N. Spergel, Francisco Villaescusa-Navarro, Lachlan Lancaster, Laurence Perreault-Levasseur, Peter Melchior, Shirley Ho, T. Lucas Makinen","submitted_at":"2020-10-29T18:00:02Z","abstract_excerpt":"We seek to remove foreground contaminants from 21cm intensity mapping observations. We demonstrate that a deep convolutional neural network (CNN) with a UNet architecture and three-dimensional convolutions, trained on simulated observations, can effectively separate frequency and spatial patterns of the cosmic neutral hydrogen (HI) signal from foregrounds in the presence of noise. Cleaned maps recover cosmological clustering statistics within 10% at all relevant angular scales and frequencies. This amounts to a reduction in prediction variance of over an order of magnitude on small angular sca"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2010.15843","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2010.15843/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T02:45:34Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"C2q9As0vxcMo2iwuWeZl05ThlZ45MKantlcgnvdQZdlRWY5UsYGOB92XGceejFvwwv8B8wX0+kaFwyhG+a+YBA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-07T00:34:00.980964Z"},"content_sha256":"25d1a319639e29ae6ad5cd9dc28798c265288510cde4ae8bc8cccce480755f7f","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:25d1a319639e29ae6ad5cd9dc28798c265288510cde4ae8bc8cccce480755f7f"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/TO6XX7OYCWOIQI7XUCQ3A5NTKD/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/TO6XX7OYCWOIQI7XUCQ3A5NTKD/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/TO6XX7OYCWOIQI7XUCQ3A5NTKD/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-07T00:34:01Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/TO6XX7OYCWOIQI7XUCQ3A5NTKD","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/TO6XX7OYCWOIQI7XUCQ3A5NTKD/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/TO6XX7OYCWOIQI7XUCQ3A5NTKD/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/TO6XX7OYCWOIQI7XUCQ3A5NTKD/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2020:TO6XX7OYCWOIQI7XUCQ3A5NTKD","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"6bfb9e2cebd2d30be0c014b45f49525914b20c7bded3f36ec39c0e3b10ab52b6","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.LG"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.CO","submitted_at":"2020-10-29T18:00:02Z","title_canon_sha256":"6433c1ca5c3e21e5964b6be30d127252d28f8e06621b2e9eb939a190854b3242"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2010.15843","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2010.15843","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:45:34Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2010.15843v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:45:34Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2010.15843","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:45:34Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"TO6XX7OYCWOI","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:45:34Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"TO6XX7OYCWOIQI7X","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:45:34Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"TO6XX7OY","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:45:34Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:25d1a319639e29ae6ad5cd9dc28798c265288510cde4ae8bc8cccce480755f7f","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:45:34Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2010.15843/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"We seek to remove foreground contaminants from 21cm intensity mapping observations. We demonstrate that a deep convolutional neural network (CNN) with a UNet architecture and three-dimensional convolutions, trained on simulated observations, can effectively separate frequency and spatial patterns of the cosmic neutral hydrogen (HI) signal from foregrounds in the presence of noise. Cleaned maps recover cosmological clustering statistics within 10% at all relevant angular scales and frequencies. This amounts to a reduction in prediction variance of over an order of magnitude on small angular sca","authors_text":"David N. Spergel, Francisco Villaescusa-Navarro, Lachlan Lancaster, Laurence Perreault-Levasseur, Peter Melchior, Shirley Ho, T. Lucas Makinen","cross_cats":["cs.LG"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.CO","submitted_at":"2020-10-29T18:00:02Z","title":"deep21: a Deep Learning Method for 21cm Foreground Removal"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2010.15843","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:e2a991de8864778795f0bd2123b2a720227fb99ede6da951d7bcb1fdc27f0338","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:45:34Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"6bfb9e2cebd2d30be0c014b45f49525914b20c7bded3f36ec39c0e3b10ab52b6","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.LG"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.CO","submitted_at":"2020-10-29T18:00:02Z","title_canon_sha256":"6433c1ca5c3e21e5964b6be30d127252d28f8e06621b2e9eb939a190854b3242"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2010.15843","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"canonical_sha256":"9bbd7bfdd8159c8823f7a0a1b075b350f89fca5f8bfaf82e203e5d7b8bbb79a3","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"9bbd7bfdd8159c8823f7a0a1b075b350f89fca5f8bfaf82e203e5d7b8bbb79a3","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T02:45:34.086437Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T02:45:34.086437Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"AltD3ydPro1oCkd6TttxYupyHzIINBac0AiZHRRfObuyOVGVTArcPIFL9s8/CeAKmCUlTCdWMTf0mWrXa765Ag==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T02:45:34.086832Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2010.15843","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":2}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:e2a991de8864778795f0bd2123b2a720227fb99ede6da951d7bcb1fdc27f0338","sha256:25d1a319639e29ae6ad5cd9dc28798c265288510cde4ae8bc8cccce480755f7f"],"state_sha256":"a2dc43ad1016b8303ff4bb8fd69478aa978940a375ce1d45f65dab6eef2536fa"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"/J3d0eU9YFUJEc3FHDxpm0PkgGuoTGRcwZ4AiS1IFxUppGcPFjcnoqq8wBKR9W8miuul+TYGbmVU+rDm+RatBw==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-07T00:34:01.008663Z","bundle_sha256":"22c1102d2f7a9d8d326ac0fc75c2a017b4c28270f6e4bacbd286583e71e82610"}}