{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2024:TU7GM4PTJOISIQPVIJKWVI6D24","short_pith_number":"pith:TU7GM4PT","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2406.10486","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2024-06-15T03:31:16Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"a3b4fb99f2257f6c7ab775c09a0fc8416d1e98ecd1934a3174b4c59960ef03a1","abstract_canon_sha256":"002f90a8fb85787087763432e8d51ce0adc746a2f0b3e7105b4eddec4d06bcfd"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"9d3e6671f34b912441f542556aa3c3d72dc33332d5c68368cca3c3500d3aec60","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2406.10486","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2406.10486","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:32:17Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2406.10486v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:32:17Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2406.10486","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:32:17Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"TU7GM4PTJOIS","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:32:17Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"TU7GM4PTJOISIQPV","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:32:17Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"TU7GM4PT","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:32:17Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2024:TU7GM4PTJOISIQPVIJKWVI6D24","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2406.10486","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2024-06-15T03:31:16Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"a3b4fb99f2257f6c7ab775c09a0fc8416d1e98ecd1934a3174b4c59960ef03a1","abstract_canon_sha256":"002f90a8fb85787087763432e8d51ce0adc746a2f0b3e7105b4eddec4d06bcfd"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"9d3e6671f34b912441f542556aa3c3d72dc33332d5c68368cca3c3500d3aec60","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T08:32:17.310015Z","signature_b64":"AuIBiIbrJRMnBptD82gnt7tU2gJysdckRJ7y1c1OPbOTQoR37eJw4xZqKb9avCijOx0RVVdi+w/DDsJ5RDdrCQ==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"9d3e6671f34b912441f542556aa3c3d72dc33332d5c68368cca3c3500d3aec60","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T08:32:17.309521Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T08:32:17.309521Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2406.10486","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T08:32:17Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"j1mC12IQfHue7iykJPtH9iwqMG4kakxCNVXWJLBo8j+dVZVcqicWCF42saecvKdIgPiGX2ho+h7APNYKN07EBw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-06T08:49:57.217414Z"},"content_sha256":"875983f32daf8320bf14d4d709718ded45174cd18ee06c29a3bb3facdc349c76","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:875983f32daf8320bf14d4d709718ded45174cd18ee06c29a3bb3facdc349c76"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2024:TU7GM4PTJOISIQPVIJKWVI6D24","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Do Large Language Models Discriminate in Hiring Decisions on the Basis of Race, Ethnicity, and Gender?","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"cs.CL","authors_text":"Christabel Acquaye, Colin Wang, Haozhe An, Rachel Rudinger, Zongxia Li","submitted_at":"2024-06-15T03:31:16Z","abstract_excerpt":"We examine whether large language models (LLMs) exhibit race- and gender-based name discrimination in hiring decisions, similar to classic findings in the social sciences (Bertrand and Mullainathan, 2004). We design a series of templatic prompts to LLMs to write an email to a named job applicant informing them of a hiring decision. By manipulating the applicant's first name, we measure the effect of perceived race, ethnicity, and gender on the probability that the LLM generates an acceptance or rejection email. We find that the hiring decisions of LLMs in many settings are more likely to favor"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2406.10486","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2406.10486/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T08:32:17Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"BrwfE3dhWc11znCI4QzW3putZWmOskV1nNRlfWrz3Y3ygGFyqUnXNpvJ6o/k8sWkDkqjqei4PpwqsbbzrtHIDA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-06T08:49:57.217912Z"},"content_sha256":"b3be04d1dc15f44349ad7eed45a8762d23718c345b354f5a8679acff1b3d0c0a","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:b3be04d1dc15f44349ad7eed45a8762d23718c345b354f5a8679acff1b3d0c0a"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/TU7GM4PTJOISIQPVIJKWVI6D24/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/TU7GM4PTJOISIQPVIJKWVI6D24/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/TU7GM4PTJOISIQPVIJKWVI6D24/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-06T08:49:57Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/TU7GM4PTJOISIQPVIJKWVI6D24","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/TU7GM4PTJOISIQPVIJKWVI6D24/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/TU7GM4PTJOISIQPVIJKWVI6D24/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/TU7GM4PTJOISIQPVIJKWVI6D24/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2024:TU7GM4PTJOISIQPVIJKWVI6D24","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"002f90a8fb85787087763432e8d51ce0adc746a2f0b3e7105b4eddec4d06bcfd","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2024-06-15T03:31:16Z","title_canon_sha256":"a3b4fb99f2257f6c7ab775c09a0fc8416d1e98ecd1934a3174b4c59960ef03a1"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2406.10486","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2406.10486","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:32:17Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2406.10486v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:32:17Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2406.10486","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:32:17Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"TU7GM4PTJOIS","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:32:17Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"TU7GM4PTJOISIQPV","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:32:17Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"TU7GM4PT","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:32:17Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:b3be04d1dc15f44349ad7eed45a8762d23718c345b354f5a8679acff1b3d0c0a","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:32:17Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2406.10486/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"We examine whether large language models (LLMs) exhibit race- and gender-based name discrimination in hiring decisions, similar to classic findings in the social sciences (Bertrand and Mullainathan, 2004). We design a series of templatic prompts to LLMs to write an email to a named job applicant informing them of a hiring decision. By manipulating the applicant's first name, we measure the effect of perceived race, ethnicity, and gender on the probability that the LLM generates an acceptance or rejection email. We find that the hiring decisions of LLMs in many settings are more likely to favor","authors_text":"Christabel Acquaye, Colin Wang, Haozhe An, Rachel Rudinger, Zongxia Li","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2024-06-15T03:31:16Z","title":"Do Large Language Models Discriminate in Hiring Decisions on the Basis of Race, Ethnicity, and Gender?"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2406.10486","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:875983f32daf8320bf14d4d709718ded45174cd18ee06c29a3bb3facdc349c76","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:32:17Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"002f90a8fb85787087763432e8d51ce0adc746a2f0b3e7105b4eddec4d06bcfd","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2024-06-15T03:31:16Z","title_canon_sha256":"a3b4fb99f2257f6c7ab775c09a0fc8416d1e98ecd1934a3174b4c59960ef03a1"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2406.10486","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"9d3e6671f34b912441f542556aa3c3d72dc33332d5c68368cca3c3500d3aec60","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"9d3e6671f34b912441f542556aa3c3d72dc33332d5c68368cca3c3500d3aec60","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T08:32:17.309521Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T08:32:17.309521Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"AuIBiIbrJRMnBptD82gnt7tU2gJysdckRJ7y1c1OPbOTQoR37eJw4xZqKb9avCijOx0RVVdi+w/DDsJ5RDdrCQ==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T08:32:17.310015Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2406.10486","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:875983f32daf8320bf14d4d709718ded45174cd18ee06c29a3bb3facdc349c76","sha256:b3be04d1dc15f44349ad7eed45a8762d23718c345b354f5a8679acff1b3d0c0a"],"state_sha256":"9133895a672e41c98b639f49d72e56bd45524e4b4c3fc91d6913ec7a457aadc7"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"NfH7O2Odp5HbpfujUl6hqaS28+GrUVKUcmj4r+OTrK0kjfmH8xu7qUg7qZutO7Lgb+8w1uY6vLnfUvmd/+Y6Aw==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-06T08:49:57.223113Z","bundle_sha256":"6c227c4e651eecd9eaac41781bdcfbb9b4f51e8eef13a3d5516655d458fc52e4"}}