{"record_type":"pith_number_record","schema_url":"https://pith.science/schemas/pith-number/v1.json","pith_number":"pith:2022:TWLYWJATP4ESPK6IU5XHOXLLGJ","short_pith_number":"pith:TWLYWJAT","schema_version":"1.0","canonical_sha256":"9d978b24137f0927abc8a76e775d6b3256a9f170a25b81ab1ce3af597c722267","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2210.12187","version":2},"attestation_state":"computed","paper":{"title":"Syntactic Surprisal From Neural Models Predicts, But Underestimates, Human Processing Difficulty From Syntactic Ambiguities","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"cs.CL","authors_text":"Brian Dillon, Suhas Arehalli, Tal Linzen","submitted_at":"2022-10-21T18:30:56Z","abstract_excerpt":"Humans exhibit garden path effects: When reading sentences that are temporarily structurally ambiguous, they slow down when the structure is disambiguated in favor of the less preferred alternative. Surprisal theory (Hale, 2001; Levy, 2008), a prominent explanation of this finding, proposes that these slowdowns are due to the unpredictability of each of the words that occur in these sentences. Challenging this hypothesis, van Schijndel & Linzen (2021) find that estimates of the cost of word predictability derived from language models severely underestimate the magnitude of human garden path ef"},"verification_status":{"content_addressed":true,"pith_receipt":true,"author_attested":false,"weak_author_claims":0,"strong_author_claims":0,"externally_anchored":false,"storage_verified":false,"citation_signatures":0,"replication_records":0,"graph_snapshot":true,"references_resolved":false,"formal_links_present":false},"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2210.12187","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2022-10-21T18:30:56Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"b5683293075eae94e1bb698afa04bf557accb1dc269ede59057e257351e9d1a5","abstract_canon_sha256":"425ea2e4988555774e71d484d15594837f30dbcb31590dc60f316205b7b71183"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T06:36:52.427087Z","signature_b64":"A0uR+KCpFM+5loM1raRDRfa3I+WNwJsSFAk4U9Qb3AVA4kTT/PGerz9CPbRdDN32jUfEKQY47H0tYEQNEZ6+Dg==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"9d978b24137f0927abc8a76e775d6b3256a9f170a25b81ab1ce3af597c722267","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T06:36:52.426706Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T06:36:52.426706Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Syntactic Surprisal From Neural Models Predicts, But Underestimates, Human Processing Difficulty From Syntactic Ambiguities","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"cs.CL","authors_text":"Brian Dillon, Suhas Arehalli, Tal Linzen","submitted_at":"2022-10-21T18:30:56Z","abstract_excerpt":"Humans exhibit garden path effects: When reading sentences that are temporarily structurally ambiguous, they slow down when the structure is disambiguated in favor of the less preferred alternative. Surprisal theory (Hale, 2001; Levy, 2008), a prominent explanation of this finding, proposes that these slowdowns are due to the unpredictability of each of the words that occur in these sentences. Challenging this hypothesis, van Schijndel & Linzen (2021) find that estimates of the cost of word predictability derived from language models severely underestimate the magnitude of human garden path ef"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2210.12187","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2210.12187/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2210.12187","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:36:52.426774+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2210.12187v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:36:52.426774+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2210.12187","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:36:52.426774+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"TWLYWJATP4ES","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:36:52.426774+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"TWLYWJATP4ESPK6I","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:36:52.426774+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"TWLYWJAT","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:36:52.426774+00:00"}],"events":[],"event_summary":{},"paper_claims":[],"inbound_citations":{"count":1,"internal_anchor_count":0,"sample":[{"citing_arxiv_id":"2606.27206","citing_title":"Syntactic Belief Update as the Driver of Garden Path Processing Difficulty","ref_index":87,"is_internal_anchor":false}]},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"sample":[],"anchors":[]},"links":{"html":"https://pith.science/pith/TWLYWJATP4ESPK6IU5XHOXLLGJ","json":"https://pith.science/pith/TWLYWJATP4ESPK6IU5XHOXLLGJ.json","graph_json":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/TWLYWJATP4ESPK6IU5XHOXLLGJ/graph.json","events_json":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/TWLYWJATP4ESPK6IU5XHOXLLGJ/events.json","paper":"https://pith.science/paper/TWLYWJAT"},"agent_actions":{"view_html":"https://pith.science/pith/TWLYWJATP4ESPK6IU5XHOXLLGJ","download_json":"https://pith.science/pith/TWLYWJATP4ESPK6IU5XHOXLLGJ.json","view_paper":"https://pith.science/paper/TWLYWJAT","resolve_alias":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/resolve?arxiv=2210.12187&json=true","fetch_graph":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/TWLYWJATP4ESPK6IU5XHOXLLGJ/graph.json","fetch_events":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/TWLYWJATP4ESPK6IU5XHOXLLGJ/events.json","actions":{"anchor_timestamp":"https://pith.science/pith/TWLYWJATP4ESPK6IU5XHOXLLGJ/action/timestamp_anchor","attest_storage":"https://pith.science/pith/TWLYWJATP4ESPK6IU5XHOXLLGJ/action/storage_attestation","attest_author":"https://pith.science/pith/TWLYWJATP4ESPK6IU5XHOXLLGJ/action/author_attestation","sign_citation":"https://pith.science/pith/TWLYWJATP4ESPK6IU5XHOXLLGJ/action/citation_signature","submit_replication":"https://pith.science/pith/TWLYWJATP4ESPK6IU5XHOXLLGJ/action/replication_record"}},"created_at":"2026-07-05T06:36:52.426774+00:00","updated_at":"2026-07-05T06:36:52.426774+00:00"}