{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2023:TYVRDTJWOH4UPQRL4BRYMWRHER","short_pith_number":"pith:TYVRDTJW","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2304.03843","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.AI","submitted_at":"2023-04-07T21:04:03Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CL","cs.LG"],"title_canon_sha256":"8b095aa551ab31dbc7cd9bb3bb2c40fc0d5c6e961236ae010df3e667b690219d","abstract_canon_sha256":"f8bf727442904bf6df0646e514bb897ef28c3cb5237dca519550f57c0fa4972a"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"9e2b11cd3671f947c22be063865a272443672d735b96b0cf0ab2cd4e84367e55","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2304.03843","version":3},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2304.03843","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:08:28Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2304.03843v3","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:08:28Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2304.03843","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:08:28Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"TYVRDTJWOH4U","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:08:28Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"TYVRDTJWOH4UPQRL","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:08:28Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"TYVRDTJW","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:08:28Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2023:TYVRDTJWOH4UPQRL4BRYMWRHER","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2304.03843","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.AI","submitted_at":"2023-04-07T21:04:03Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CL","cs.LG"],"title_canon_sha256":"8b095aa551ab31dbc7cd9bb3bb2c40fc0d5c6e961236ae010df3e667b690219d","abstract_canon_sha256":"f8bf727442904bf6df0646e514bb897ef28c3cb5237dca519550f57c0fa4972a"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"9e2b11cd3671f947c22be063865a272443672d735b96b0cf0ab2cd4e84367e55","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T07:08:28.116658Z","signature_b64":"sakHVQoBnYr9a2Cd+c/cEioZBNLTtpojqWu6UfWwNaYEPIyggNPIHzFnu+sL9S9bFO0KoGp/z+UFbdkePQ89Ag==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"9e2b11cd3671f947c22be063865a272443672d735b96b0cf0ab2cd4e84367e55","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T07:08:28.116146Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T07:08:28.116146Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2304.03843","source_version":3,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T07:08:28Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"YDeYyN7k4BOQfvQRRD3dT8wM6Spi1/aFor7dhEWiI/5RGP1bB7j8ROBYn2jjTB3SwY0aZmF7n6uSh4PmWWRMDw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-07T14:09:39.895997Z"},"content_sha256":"d1d1f57c716573ee0a7724dc4c196142099cf694208770340b6d1f8d23b83408","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:d1d1f57c716573ee0a7724dc4c196142099cf694208770340b6d1f8d23b83408"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2023:TYVRDTJWOH4UPQRL4BRYMWRHER","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Why think step by step? Reasoning emerges from the locality of experience","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.CL","cs.LG"],"primary_cat":"cs.AI","authors_text":"Ben Prystawski, Michael Y. Li, Noah D. Goodman","submitted_at":"2023-04-07T21:04:03Z","abstract_excerpt":"Humans have a powerful and mysterious capacity to reason. Working through a set of mental steps enables us to make inferences we would not be capable of making directly even though we get no additional data from the world. Similarly, when large language models generate intermediate steps (a chain of thought) before answering a question, they often produce better answers than they would directly. We investigate why and how chain-of-thought reasoning is useful in language models, testing the hypothesis that reasoning is effective when training data consists of overlapping local clusters of varia"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2304.03843","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2304.03843/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T07:08:28Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"KHbwvjM9gPfDX/rB3x33Q1/NxmjsDRuU8EhsNYRkgy99JgBXx8tinULMi2MqVe5ILSODozO/6nYPgyABom6oAA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-07T14:09:39.896392Z"},"content_sha256":"0d57afa53a14389486e745ec6bc76a0f8603e41d0e91f18921a5d78752410366","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:0d57afa53a14389486e745ec6bc76a0f8603e41d0e91f18921a5d78752410366"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/TYVRDTJWOH4UPQRL4BRYMWRHER/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/TYVRDTJWOH4UPQRL4BRYMWRHER/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/TYVRDTJWOH4UPQRL4BRYMWRHER/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-07T14:09:39Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/TYVRDTJWOH4UPQRL4BRYMWRHER","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/TYVRDTJWOH4UPQRL4BRYMWRHER/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/TYVRDTJWOH4UPQRL4BRYMWRHER/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/TYVRDTJWOH4UPQRL4BRYMWRHER/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2023:TYVRDTJWOH4UPQRL4BRYMWRHER","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"f8bf727442904bf6df0646e514bb897ef28c3cb5237dca519550f57c0fa4972a","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CL","cs.LG"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.AI","submitted_at":"2023-04-07T21:04:03Z","title_canon_sha256":"8b095aa551ab31dbc7cd9bb3bb2c40fc0d5c6e961236ae010df3e667b690219d"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2304.03843","kind":"arxiv","version":3}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2304.03843","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:08:28Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2304.03843v3","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:08:28Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2304.03843","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:08:28Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"TYVRDTJWOH4U","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:08:28Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"TYVRDTJWOH4UPQRL","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:08:28Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"TYVRDTJW","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:08:28Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:0d57afa53a14389486e745ec6bc76a0f8603e41d0e91f18921a5d78752410366","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:08:28Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2304.03843/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Humans have a powerful and mysterious capacity to reason. Working through a set of mental steps enables us to make inferences we would not be capable of making directly even though we get no additional data from the world. Similarly, when large language models generate intermediate steps (a chain of thought) before answering a question, they often produce better answers than they would directly. We investigate why and how chain-of-thought reasoning is useful in language models, testing the hypothesis that reasoning is effective when training data consists of overlapping local clusters of varia","authors_text":"Ben Prystawski, Michael Y. Li, Noah D. Goodman","cross_cats":["cs.CL","cs.LG"],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.AI","submitted_at":"2023-04-07T21:04:03Z","title":"Why think step by step? Reasoning emerges from the locality of experience"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2304.03843","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:d1d1f57c716573ee0a7724dc4c196142099cf694208770340b6d1f8d23b83408","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:08:28Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"f8bf727442904bf6df0646e514bb897ef28c3cb5237dca519550f57c0fa4972a","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CL","cs.LG"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.AI","submitted_at":"2023-04-07T21:04:03Z","title_canon_sha256":"8b095aa551ab31dbc7cd9bb3bb2c40fc0d5c6e961236ae010df3e667b690219d"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2304.03843","kind":"arxiv","version":3}},"canonical_sha256":"9e2b11cd3671f947c22be063865a272443672d735b96b0cf0ab2cd4e84367e55","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"9e2b11cd3671f947c22be063865a272443672d735b96b0cf0ab2cd4e84367e55","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T07:08:28.116146Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T07:08:28.116146Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"sakHVQoBnYr9a2Cd+c/cEioZBNLTtpojqWu6UfWwNaYEPIyggNPIHzFnu+sL9S9bFO0KoGp/z+UFbdkePQ89Ag==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T07:08:28.116658Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2304.03843","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":3}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:d1d1f57c716573ee0a7724dc4c196142099cf694208770340b6d1f8d23b83408","sha256:0d57afa53a14389486e745ec6bc76a0f8603e41d0e91f18921a5d78752410366"],"state_sha256":"680e3a1d5e6875bbde20791178b38f83bbd1864aaf30a819cb0074c68d701584"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"NSdiddFpoBRnhUWmlhrz1as2eFQDV8MLTBtjS0PLUf6bwBu62utVgzzVpVI2Xb/RrXcKd2N3gsoSeXzPqDkwDQ==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-07T14:09:39.899419Z","bundle_sha256":"fac6fe47b8cf898adeb625aaa5e559dfe945108c69ca8200850f73f6801c2bd5"}}