{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2025:U4JDLAEDXFJDJQHXK22CTKZBNC","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"cdfd6a4ac748ffa8c7ee4918f87cffc6025fee3e7ff8f4bcb368b8c99baef12d","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2025-05-27T16:50:44Z","title_canon_sha256":"e14eb90340dafe4561b4d3a301bc6113096fc401b748bd2d128c6b1ac330773b"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2505.21422","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2505.21422","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:10:41Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2505.21422v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:10:41Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2505.21422","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:10:41Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"U4JDLAEDXFJD","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:10:41Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"U4JDLAEDXFJDJQHX","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:10:41Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"U4JDLAED","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:10:41Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:f52221523b67f9d835ce849d5772d1fea93282c8cf86b02f0719c7fab89fe14f","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:10:41Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2505.21422/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Distribution shifts introduce uncertainty that undermines the robustness and generalization capabilities of machine learning models. While conventional wisdom suggests that learning causal-invariant representations enhances robustness to such shifts, recent empirical studies present a counterintuitive finding: (i) empirical risk minimization (ERM) can rival or even outperform state-of-the-art out-of-distribution (OOD) generalization methods, and (ii) its OOD generalization performance improves when all available covariates, not just causal ones, are utilized. Drawing on both empirical and theo","authors_text":"Abbavaram Gowtham Reddy, Celia Rubio-Madrigal, Krikamol Muandet, Rebekka Burkholz","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2025-05-27T16:50:44Z","title":"When Shift Happens - Confounding Is to Blame"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2505.21422","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:3fee404b23d46eeb71267ed994768239f582c5fb3e268ded31b0175525fbc41a","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:10:41Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"cdfd6a4ac748ffa8c7ee4918f87cffc6025fee3e7ff8f4bcb368b8c99baef12d","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2025-05-27T16:50:44Z","title_canon_sha256":"e14eb90340dafe4561b4d3a301bc6113096fc401b748bd2d128c6b1ac330773b"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2505.21422","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"a712358083b95234c0f756b429ab216894ab9b53968f92f4c9a95607f11a2b03","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"a712358083b95234c0f756b429ab216894ab9b53968f92f4c9a95607f11a2b03","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T11:10:41.750311Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T11:10:41.750311Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"QljdgVthJva3ahhtyv0n52wikcRk1sQ1il5PG1tT5KRKFVKFkeg4tCoub2c98OgclaDXwnJCdmwbluXQE5AvDw==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T11:10:41.750935Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2505.21422","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:3fee404b23d46eeb71267ed994768239f582c5fb3e268ded31b0175525fbc41a","sha256:f52221523b67f9d835ce849d5772d1fea93282c8cf86b02f0719c7fab89fe14f"],"state_sha256":"5dedadb35a4ba374900d1ec2a27ebbdd763884351facb86a78ac8b1f89582199"}