{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2019:U4OOWDRGZBJ3AQZNITYLN2VGBG","short_pith_number":"pith:U4OOWDRG","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1904.00602","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.plasm-ph","submitted_at":"2019-04-01T07:18:30Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"6f6e2241ae10c1d7f40a1f8a2d43182fb8e05d53037555761a94d5af931fb2bb","abstract_canon_sha256":"42d58f01f0292f23e88e2b55d358aa52debe53deeede62579cce51f85d05a491"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"a71ceb0e26c853b0432d44f0b6eaa609836ac4fd5b424bb3e9e4e62887b3df23","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1904.00602","version":2},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1904.00602","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:35:25Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1904.00602v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:35:25Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1904.00602","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:35:25Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"U4OOWDRGZBJ3","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:35:25Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"U4OOWDRGZBJ3AQZN","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:35:25Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"U4OOWDRG","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:35:25Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2019:U4OOWDRGZBJ3AQZNITYLN2VGBG","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1904.00602","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.plasm-ph","submitted_at":"2019-04-01T07:18:30Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"6f6e2241ae10c1d7f40a1f8a2d43182fb8e05d53037555761a94d5af931fb2bb","abstract_canon_sha256":"42d58f01f0292f23e88e2b55d358aa52debe53deeede62579cce51f85d05a491"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"a71ceb0e26c853b0432d44f0b6eaa609836ac4fd5b424bb3e9e4e62887b3df23","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T00:35:25.380863Z","signature_b64":"dtVPQV92/waqMFeGXVbkIL14ergzcuYK4+Xr/FgYJ+j87flZd6t2buuky6eTkKjGp2GGGK1yfAFsaNOJNYalCA==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"a71ceb0e26c853b0432d44f0b6eaa609836ac4fd5b424bb3e9e4e62887b3df23","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T00:35:25.380265Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T00:35:25.380265Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1904.00602","source_version":2,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T00:35:25Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"DEnUy67m+M31PWJV4HmxXZafSBWJLI2A99shUx2+PGXpZXx7mjdye9shHiIuvj4ijWTwVhpgVNwmwdqOlATgDQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-16T17:50:12.726656Z"},"content_sha256":"45f30a256fe83ff0624d52e859993b486a30c55981e883c319a15d14e34ef6c0","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:45f30a256fe83ff0624d52e859993b486a30c55981e883c319a15d14e34ef6c0"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2019:U4OOWDRGZBJ3AQZNITYLN2VGBG","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Influence of massive material injection on avalanche runaway generation during tokamak disruptions","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"physics.plasm-ph","authors_text":"L Hesslow, O Embr\\'eus, O Vallhagen, T F\\\"ul\\\"op","submitted_at":"2019-04-01T07:18:30Z","abstract_excerpt":"In high-current tokamak devices such as ITER, a runaway avalanche can cause a large amplification of a seed electron population. We show that disruption mitigation by impurity injection may significantly increase the runaway avalanche growth rate in such devices. This effect originates from the increased number of target electrons available for the avalanche process in weakly ionized plasmas, which is only partially compensated by the increased friction force on fast electrons. We derive an expression for the avalanche growth rate in partially ionized plasmas and investigate the effects of imp"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1904.00602","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/1904.00602/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T00:35:25Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"Pi2mZ4FUGGzriP7N/qDwjHkvxg788ls9T1w7A4XxjVLlKBn91RB59ajYmuFoTC2rLVsA3NiEFECUgnwOzajJCw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-16T17:50:12.727183Z"},"content_sha256":"d71ff6238535ccfa0abd293fbc75f7fa6cf88b7717a6feaa4bc55aa7e76f85a7","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:d71ff6238535ccfa0abd293fbc75f7fa6cf88b7717a6feaa4bc55aa7e76f85a7"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/U4OOWDRGZBJ3AQZNITYLN2VGBG/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/U4OOWDRGZBJ3AQZNITYLN2VGBG/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/U4OOWDRGZBJ3AQZNITYLN2VGBG/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-16T17:50:12Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/U4OOWDRGZBJ3AQZNITYLN2VGBG","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/U4OOWDRGZBJ3AQZNITYLN2VGBG/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/U4OOWDRGZBJ3AQZNITYLN2VGBG/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/U4OOWDRGZBJ3AQZNITYLN2VGBG/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2019:U4OOWDRGZBJ3AQZNITYLN2VGBG","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"42d58f01f0292f23e88e2b55d358aa52debe53deeede62579cce51f85d05a491","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.plasm-ph","submitted_at":"2019-04-01T07:18:30Z","title_canon_sha256":"6f6e2241ae10c1d7f40a1f8a2d43182fb8e05d53037555761a94d5af931fb2bb"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1904.00602","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1904.00602","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:35:25Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1904.00602v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:35:25Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1904.00602","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:35:25Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"U4OOWDRGZBJ3","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:35:25Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"U4OOWDRGZBJ3AQZN","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:35:25Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"U4OOWDRG","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:35:25Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:d71ff6238535ccfa0abd293fbc75f7fa6cf88b7717a6feaa4bc55aa7e76f85a7","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:35:25Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/1904.00602/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"In high-current tokamak devices such as ITER, a runaway avalanche can cause a large amplification of a seed electron population. We show that disruption mitigation by impurity injection may significantly increase the runaway avalanche growth rate in such devices. This effect originates from the increased number of target electrons available for the avalanche process in weakly ionized plasmas, which is only partially compensated by the increased friction force on fast electrons. We derive an expression for the avalanche growth rate in partially ionized plasmas and investigate the effects of imp","authors_text":"L Hesslow, O Embr\\'eus, O Vallhagen, T F\\\"ul\\\"op","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.plasm-ph","submitted_at":"2019-04-01T07:18:30Z","title":"Influence of massive material injection on avalanche runaway generation during tokamak disruptions"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1904.00602","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:45f30a256fe83ff0624d52e859993b486a30c55981e883c319a15d14e34ef6c0","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:35:25Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"42d58f01f0292f23e88e2b55d358aa52debe53deeede62579cce51f85d05a491","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.plasm-ph","submitted_at":"2019-04-01T07:18:30Z","title_canon_sha256":"6f6e2241ae10c1d7f40a1f8a2d43182fb8e05d53037555761a94d5af931fb2bb"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1904.00602","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"canonical_sha256":"a71ceb0e26c853b0432d44f0b6eaa609836ac4fd5b424bb3e9e4e62887b3df23","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"a71ceb0e26c853b0432d44f0b6eaa609836ac4fd5b424bb3e9e4e62887b3df23","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T00:35:25.380265Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T00:35:25.380265Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"dtVPQV92/waqMFeGXVbkIL14ergzcuYK4+Xr/FgYJ+j87flZd6t2buuky6eTkKjGp2GGGK1yfAFsaNOJNYalCA==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T00:35:25.380863Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1904.00602","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":2}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:45f30a256fe83ff0624d52e859993b486a30c55981e883c319a15d14e34ef6c0","sha256:d71ff6238535ccfa0abd293fbc75f7fa6cf88b7717a6feaa4bc55aa7e76f85a7"],"state_sha256":"a01eeb6f9d3470f73e3d541d4ce8e5c930556fba0af8b1fce5ee8c356eeceeb0"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"g7J4tyQcCAaogSktbLadhBmgvm5CSBP+XFp+Lga85NDo+zhVWrXEwvIsC5vypE//IWARFTRAKO9Dwnq3w2V+BQ==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-16T17:50:12.732536Z","bundle_sha256":"6d60b54d9034d573aee82bf159dab398bac8c91bf495efd0ad491607a4d0f0b7"}}