{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2018:UDWQRCKBXZGHDTW6PNHBSGKRHJ","short_pith_number":"pith:UDWQRCKB","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1802.09063","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"gr-qc","submitted_at":"2018-02-25T19:00:00Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"e5082414f0cedbad3e46660678eed72ab71e4c2bbe98b937128654c0e6b84744","abstract_canon_sha256":"943def9b1a5a09b3b4f80ca4bd58fb8c429f1c39cece46cdf7f1d0d07d26275f"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"a0ed088941be4c71cede7b4e1919513a63ebf0a3846ceab81cc6d7e90e1533b7","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1802.09063","version":3},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1802.09063","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:08:27Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1802.09063v3","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:08:27Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1802.09063","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:08:27Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"UDWQRCKBXZGH","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:56Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"UDWQRCKBXZGHDTW6","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:56Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"UDWQRCKB","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:56Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2018:UDWQRCKBXZGHDTW6PNHBSGKRHJ","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1802.09063","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"gr-qc","submitted_at":"2018-02-25T19:00:00Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"e5082414f0cedbad3e46660678eed72ab71e4c2bbe98b937128654c0e6b84744","abstract_canon_sha256":"943def9b1a5a09b3b4f80ca4bd58fb8c429f1c39cece46cdf7f1d0d07d26275f"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"a0ed088941be4c71cede7b4e1919513a63ebf0a3846ceab81cc6d7e90e1533b7","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T00:08:27.065333Z","signature_b64":"3AjlOoUYRrb8e9iRbzG4ypLyS7M4LUxyalzH7eDf0aVsCSZHNh28Uz3sHRFLjKXpJkQxM907BPphY1F4RdNWCg==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"a0ed088941be4c71cede7b4e1919513a63ebf0a3846ceab81cc6d7e90e1533b7","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T00:08:27.064836Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T00:08:27.064836Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1802.09063","source_version":3,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T00:08:27Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"mXac4tWJb4XF1j7mWRokFrz65zpbQyvXB2Ol+ylyXFo3SiMRgFNCWPWrFwfMkHjSXxwXJF5QXiIg14Y6FvpjBw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-03T02:03:07.526427Z"},"content_sha256":"980cc5caf7cc070e3ee0e0b72ad3063d12e8247eff8f1bb82d985dc8223ad687","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:980cc5caf7cc070e3ee0e0b72ad3063d12e8247eff8f1bb82d985dc8223ad687"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2018:UDWQRCKBXZGHDTW6PNHBSGKRHJ","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Conditions for defocusing around more general metrics in Infinite Derivative Gravity","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"gr-qc","authors_text":"James Edholm","submitted_at":"2018-02-25T19:00:00Z","abstract_excerpt":"Infinite Derivative Gravity is able to resolve the Big Bang curvature singularity present in general relativity by using a simplifying ansatz. We show that it can also avoid the Hawking- Penrose singularity, by allowing defocusing of null rays through the Raychaudhuri equation. This occurs not only in the minimal case where we ignore the matter contribution, but also in the case where matter plays a key role.\n  We investigate the conditions for defocusing for the general case where this ansatz applies and also for more specific metrics, including a general Friedmann-Robertson-Walker (FRW) metr"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1802.09063","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T00:08:27Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"MqNNIwWC/orHIqINISBl9kN7kMJNaE7+ycNHc5MToT11ly9R6LAr8Jqgzam4/bEEW1no251Wy3ofZmPdOl/sDA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-03T02:03:07.526774Z"},"content_sha256":"86fcdb5ee1560789bf02652758e928a3597427e0d278737e6726f7140f07387e","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:86fcdb5ee1560789bf02652758e928a3597427e0d278737e6726f7140f07387e"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/UDWQRCKBXZGHDTW6PNHBSGKRHJ/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/UDWQRCKBXZGHDTW6PNHBSGKRHJ/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/UDWQRCKBXZGHDTW6PNHBSGKRHJ/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-06-03T02:03:07Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/UDWQRCKBXZGHDTW6PNHBSGKRHJ","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/UDWQRCKBXZGHDTW6PNHBSGKRHJ/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/UDWQRCKBXZGHDTW6PNHBSGKRHJ/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/UDWQRCKBXZGHDTW6PNHBSGKRHJ/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2018:UDWQRCKBXZGHDTW6PNHBSGKRHJ","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"943def9b1a5a09b3b4f80ca4bd58fb8c429f1c39cece46cdf7f1d0d07d26275f","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"gr-qc","submitted_at":"2018-02-25T19:00:00Z","title_canon_sha256":"e5082414f0cedbad3e46660678eed72ab71e4c2bbe98b937128654c0e6b84744"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1802.09063","kind":"arxiv","version":3}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1802.09063","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:08:27Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1802.09063v3","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:08:27Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1802.09063","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:08:27Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"UDWQRCKBXZGH","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:56Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"UDWQRCKBXZGHDTW6","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:56Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"UDWQRCKB","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:56Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:86fcdb5ee1560789bf02652758e928a3597427e0d278737e6726f7140f07387e","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:08:27Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Infinite Derivative Gravity is able to resolve the Big Bang curvature singularity present in general relativity by using a simplifying ansatz. We show that it can also avoid the Hawking- Penrose singularity, by allowing defocusing of null rays through the Raychaudhuri equation. This occurs not only in the minimal case where we ignore the matter contribution, but also in the case where matter plays a key role.\n  We investigate the conditions for defocusing for the general case where this ansatz applies and also for more specific metrics, including a general Friedmann-Robertson-Walker (FRW) metr","authors_text":"James Edholm","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"gr-qc","submitted_at":"2018-02-25T19:00:00Z","title":"Conditions for defocusing around more general metrics in Infinite Derivative Gravity"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1802.09063","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:980cc5caf7cc070e3ee0e0b72ad3063d12e8247eff8f1bb82d985dc8223ad687","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:08:27Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"943def9b1a5a09b3b4f80ca4bd58fb8c429f1c39cece46cdf7f1d0d07d26275f","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"gr-qc","submitted_at":"2018-02-25T19:00:00Z","title_canon_sha256":"e5082414f0cedbad3e46660678eed72ab71e4c2bbe98b937128654c0e6b84744"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1802.09063","kind":"arxiv","version":3}},"canonical_sha256":"a0ed088941be4c71cede7b4e1919513a63ebf0a3846ceab81cc6d7e90e1533b7","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"a0ed088941be4c71cede7b4e1919513a63ebf0a3846ceab81cc6d7e90e1533b7","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T00:08:27.064836Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T00:08:27.064836Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"3AjlOoUYRrb8e9iRbzG4ypLyS7M4LUxyalzH7eDf0aVsCSZHNh28Uz3sHRFLjKXpJkQxM907BPphY1F4RdNWCg==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T00:08:27.065333Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1802.09063","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":3}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:980cc5caf7cc070e3ee0e0b72ad3063d12e8247eff8f1bb82d985dc8223ad687","sha256:86fcdb5ee1560789bf02652758e928a3597427e0d278737e6726f7140f07387e"],"state_sha256":"3ee05cc2a2c14575acbe2eb8a30bfe51c93133a7e458e704a7ceda3852b59728"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"iu0faKP4E373dMkzASxVhUNJGDnNDSyItzsr9hYxiB6iSV4++82DBTgqlhA6GHFUngh8OeTdSwxYFkYLYSpyCw==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-03T02:03:07.528853Z","bundle_sha256":"0987bb11db481ccba78a121770313c23fa6552b30bb188c6999894aaaf3acf33"}}