{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2013:UFZGN4PADGZK3FIUIMDZ2ST6C2","short_pith_number":"pith:UFZGN4PA","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1302.6809","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.AI","submitted_at":"2013-02-27T14:16:13Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"4dd34caac49014169d7dd5838c7f1f13bb74f9fda31ca7bbe5ea2f4a98953670","abstract_canon_sha256":"f62cae7d349fa8f4fbde5f2724d6f076363a6064dab5b1b7aa1549fe514350f0"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"a17266f1e019b2ad951443079d4a7e16a42e26289367e5044ca0a7d13b36e7ac","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1302.6809","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1302.6809","created_at":"2026-05-18T03:32:18Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1302.6809v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T03:32:18Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1302.6809","created_at":"2026-05-18T03:32:18Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"UFZGN4PADGZK","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:02Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"UFZGN4PADGZK3FIU","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:02Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"UFZGN4PA","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:02Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2013:UFZGN4PADGZK3FIUIMDZ2ST6C2","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1302.6809","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.AI","submitted_at":"2013-02-27T14:16:13Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"4dd34caac49014169d7dd5838c7f1f13bb74f9fda31ca7bbe5ea2f4a98953670","abstract_canon_sha256":"f62cae7d349fa8f4fbde5f2724d6f076363a6064dab5b1b7aa1549fe514350f0"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"a17266f1e019b2ad951443079d4a7e16a42e26289367e5044ca0a7d13b36e7ac","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T03:32:18.645717Z","signature_b64":"os9iQTcOV4hum8AhZ/KdJzUnsamyh9eVDxj0SXTlsfCtjkxwkvQVdpPlIsCsfAvRbomJbVuH4GucjDZyApD7AA==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"a17266f1e019b2ad951443079d4a7e16a42e26289367e5044ca0a7d13b36e7ac","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T03:32:18.645252Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T03:32:18.645252Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1302.6809","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T03:32:18Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"rJ1HHuiZ+VIYo0vbLp5xJrLlAkGippTe+CncRM2gGEvFD56WtgX3e85yj+GJuqMis7ALsZmbrz3LiKhil6GsCw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-31T15:08:29.859973Z"},"content_sha256":"007c6ac809679522e856d5e85eee522f0dbf6fa8dffa4de23c309bf6cd1e38f7","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:007c6ac809679522e856d5e85eee522f0dbf6fa8dffa4de23c309bf6cd1e38f7"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2013:UFZGN4PADGZK3FIUIMDZ2ST6C2","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"On Testing Whether an Embedded Bayesian Network Represents a Probability Model","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"cs.AI","authors_text":"Azaria Paz, Dan Geiger, Judea Pearl","submitted_at":"2013-02-27T14:16:13Z","abstract_excerpt":"Testing the validity of probabilistic models containing unmeasured (hidden) variables is shown to be a hard task.  We show that the task of testing whether models are structurally incompatible with the data at hand, requires an exponential number of independence evaluations, each of the form: \"X is conditionally independent of Y, given Z.\"  In contrast, a linear number of such evaluations is required to test a standard Bayesian network (one per vertex).  On the positive side, we show that if a network with hidden variables G has a tree skeleton, checking whether G represents a given probabilit"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1302.6809","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T03:32:18Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"A0xfY8EKwJ9fyxPKAAwLs/8g9ZhN+iKbKnih6IOH+xqLLkONrzlltbyolPnXdIZJSpqO9kFepAPDYEEqj1ZEAg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-31T15:08:29.860822Z"},"content_sha256":"9c29efeb3f7f068697f2e1c0733f4c8b993304733907d96134d96633b32b0f6b","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:9c29efeb3f7f068697f2e1c0733f4c8b993304733907d96134d96633b32b0f6b"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/UFZGN4PADGZK3FIUIMDZ2ST6C2/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/UFZGN4PADGZK3FIUIMDZ2ST6C2/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/UFZGN4PADGZK3FIUIMDZ2ST6C2/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-05-31T15:08:29Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/UFZGN4PADGZK3FIUIMDZ2ST6C2","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/UFZGN4PADGZK3FIUIMDZ2ST6C2/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/UFZGN4PADGZK3FIUIMDZ2ST6C2/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/UFZGN4PADGZK3FIUIMDZ2ST6C2/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2013:UFZGN4PADGZK3FIUIMDZ2ST6C2","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"f62cae7d349fa8f4fbde5f2724d6f076363a6064dab5b1b7aa1549fe514350f0","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.AI","submitted_at":"2013-02-27T14:16:13Z","title_canon_sha256":"4dd34caac49014169d7dd5838c7f1f13bb74f9fda31ca7bbe5ea2f4a98953670"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1302.6809","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1302.6809","created_at":"2026-05-18T03:32:18Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1302.6809v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T03:32:18Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1302.6809","created_at":"2026-05-18T03:32:18Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"UFZGN4PADGZK","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:02Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"UFZGN4PADGZK3FIU","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:02Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"UFZGN4PA","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:02Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:9c29efeb3f7f068697f2e1c0733f4c8b993304733907d96134d96633b32b0f6b","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T03:32:18Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Testing the validity of probabilistic models containing unmeasured (hidden) variables is shown to be a hard task.  We show that the task of testing whether models are structurally incompatible with the data at hand, requires an exponential number of independence evaluations, each of the form: \"X is conditionally independent of Y, given Z.\"  In contrast, a linear number of such evaluations is required to test a standard Bayesian network (one per vertex).  On the positive side, we show that if a network with hidden variables G has a tree skeleton, checking whether G represents a given probabilit","authors_text":"Azaria Paz, Dan Geiger, Judea Pearl","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.AI","submitted_at":"2013-02-27T14:16:13Z","title":"On Testing Whether an Embedded Bayesian Network Represents a Probability Model"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1302.6809","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:007c6ac809679522e856d5e85eee522f0dbf6fa8dffa4de23c309bf6cd1e38f7","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T03:32:18Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"f62cae7d349fa8f4fbde5f2724d6f076363a6064dab5b1b7aa1549fe514350f0","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.AI","submitted_at":"2013-02-27T14:16:13Z","title_canon_sha256":"4dd34caac49014169d7dd5838c7f1f13bb74f9fda31ca7bbe5ea2f4a98953670"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1302.6809","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"a17266f1e019b2ad951443079d4a7e16a42e26289367e5044ca0a7d13b36e7ac","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"a17266f1e019b2ad951443079d4a7e16a42e26289367e5044ca0a7d13b36e7ac","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T03:32:18.645252Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T03:32:18.645252Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"os9iQTcOV4hum8AhZ/KdJzUnsamyh9eVDxj0SXTlsfCtjkxwkvQVdpPlIsCsfAvRbomJbVuH4GucjDZyApD7AA==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T03:32:18.645717Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1302.6809","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:007c6ac809679522e856d5e85eee522f0dbf6fa8dffa4de23c309bf6cd1e38f7","sha256:9c29efeb3f7f068697f2e1c0733f4c8b993304733907d96134d96633b32b0f6b"],"state_sha256":"d7563c4777d4a4f102682142766fbcb6058bbf61a97262dea3d2bd71a0e8ebe5"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"M/i8amZ7L+d9TxSG02Q/yTUuYG0yH03ox6kiLBc4u+HMZiIe67iVbpF1KFOfKP4ckAEBp++lDXNBTPGW/3PvBQ==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-31T15:08:29.865688Z","bundle_sha256":"5d79a4d9eeb15679c4997d18b6b0c86f8a62217dafd243d72dfab8cba0689223"}}