{"record_type":"pith_number_record","schema_url":"https://pith.science/schemas/pith-number/v1.json","pith_number":"pith:2021:UG4EF7WRNRMTXDD22ANYS5O4MW","short_pith_number":"pith:UG4EF7WR","schema_version":"1.0","canonical_sha256":"a1b842fed16c593b8c7ad01b8975dc658210690075ff60c2319597bfcf61c061","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2106.00111","version":3},"attestation_state":"computed","paper":{"title":"Primordial black holes from a cosmic phase transition: The collapse of Fermi-balls","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["hep-ph"],"primary_cat":"astro-ph.CO","authors_text":"Ke-Pan Xie, Kiyoharu Kawana","submitted_at":"2021-05-31T21:36:22Z","abstract_excerpt":"We propose a novel primordial black hole (PBH) formation mechanism based on a first-order phase transition (FOPT). If a fermion species gains a huge mass in the true vacuum, the corresponding particles get trapped in the false vacuum as they do not have sufficient energy to penetrate the bubble wall. After the FOPT, the fermions are compressed into the false vacuum remnants to form non-topological solitons called Fermi-balls, and then collapse to PBHs due to the Yukawa attractive force. We derive the PBH mass and abundance, showing that for a $\\mathcal{O}({\\rm GeV})$ FOPT the PBHs could be $\\s"},"verification_status":{"content_addressed":true,"pith_receipt":true,"author_attested":false,"weak_author_claims":0,"strong_author_claims":0,"externally_anchored":false,"storage_verified":false,"citation_signatures":0,"replication_records":0,"graph_snapshot":true,"references_resolved":false,"formal_links_present":false},"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2106.00111","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.CO","submitted_at":"2021-05-31T21:36:22Z","cross_cats_sorted":["hep-ph"],"title_canon_sha256":"6c7d56a2a45b0fa2dd0ee8af0e43cd1c8ca73dbeb206bbcfb0c7fd7b08417751","abstract_canon_sha256":"d98e2cb773dae2e01a6f53a179edc58f56e53b7fcb8e71e428a9a402815eaa25"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T03:34:26.361509Z","signature_b64":"xwpCnQxANbaMd8kn6Rlo/f4ku7bRg8i+mbqkiuQf66V9MKs/5WOkbYt1TSnjlG9+L9Nw2rh//NY2m6oZwUIDAA==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"a1b842fed16c593b8c7ad01b8975dc658210690075ff60c2319597bfcf61c061","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T03:34:26.361067Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T03:34:26.361067Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Primordial black holes from a cosmic phase transition: The collapse of Fermi-balls","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["hep-ph"],"primary_cat":"astro-ph.CO","authors_text":"Ke-Pan Xie, Kiyoharu Kawana","submitted_at":"2021-05-31T21:36:22Z","abstract_excerpt":"We propose a novel primordial black hole (PBH) formation mechanism based on a first-order phase transition (FOPT). If a fermion species gains a huge mass in the true vacuum, the corresponding particles get trapped in the false vacuum as they do not have sufficient energy to penetrate the bubble wall. After the FOPT, the fermions are compressed into the false vacuum remnants to form non-topological solitons called Fermi-balls, and then collapse to PBHs due to the Yukawa attractive force. We derive the PBH mass and abundance, showing that for a $\\mathcal{O}({\\rm GeV})$ FOPT the PBHs could be $\\s"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2106.00111","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2106.00111/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2106.00111","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:34:26.361123+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2106.00111v3","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:34:26.361123+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2106.00111","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:34:26.361123+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"UG4EF7WRNRMT","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:34:26.361123+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"UG4EF7WRNRMTXDD2","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:34:26.361123+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"UG4EF7WR","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:34:26.361123+00:00"}],"events":[],"event_summary":{},"paper_claims":[],"inbound_citations":{"count":11,"internal_anchor_count":0,"sample":[{"citing_arxiv_id":"2606.09482","citing_title":"Primordial Black Holes from Slow Phase Transitions with Delayed Reheating: A Peak-Theory Approach","ref_index":32,"is_internal_anchor":false},{"citing_arxiv_id":"2606.07505","citing_title":"Primordial Black Hole Triggered Type Ia Supernovae II: Comparison with Supernova Remnants and Galactic Chemical Evolution","ref_index":175,"is_internal_anchor":false},{"citing_arxiv_id":"2606.01580","citing_title":"Primordial black holes spin from cosmological first-order phase transitions","ref_index":31,"is_internal_anchor":false},{"citing_arxiv_id":"2606.28246","citing_title":"The cosmology of long range Yukawa interactions in general backgrounds","ref_index":72,"is_internal_anchor":false},{"citing_arxiv_id":"2606.30740","citing_title":"Dynamical evolution of the pressure on the bubble wall","ref_index":19,"is_internal_anchor":false},{"citing_arxiv_id":"2606.01580","citing_title":"Primordial black holes spin from cosmological first-order phase transitions","ref_index":25,"is_internal_anchor":false},{"citing_arxiv_id":"2505.09202","citing_title":"Angular momentum of vacuum bubbles in a first-order phase transition","ref_index":11,"is_internal_anchor":false},{"citing_arxiv_id":"2510.09395","citing_title":"Dark matter production from evaporation of regular primordial black holes","ref_index":56,"is_internal_anchor":false},{"citing_arxiv_id":"2605.21474","citing_title":"Gravitational Waves from Black Hole Reheating: The Scalar-Induced Component","ref_index":103,"is_internal_anchor":false},{"citing_arxiv_id":"2605.08336","citing_title":"Primordial Black Hole Hotspots Beyond Flat Spacetime","ref_index":12,"is_internal_anchor":false},{"citing_arxiv_id":"2604.24528","citing_title":"Phenomenology of Vector Dark Matter produced by a First Order Phase Transition","ref_index":11,"is_internal_anchor":false}]},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"sample":[],"anchors":[]},"links":{"html":"https://pith.science/pith/UG4EF7WRNRMTXDD22ANYS5O4MW","json":"https://pith.science/pith/UG4EF7WRNRMTXDD22ANYS5O4MW.json","graph_json":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/UG4EF7WRNRMTXDD22ANYS5O4MW/graph.json","events_json":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/UG4EF7WRNRMTXDD22ANYS5O4MW/events.json","paper":"https://pith.science/paper/UG4EF7WR"},"agent_actions":{"view_html":"https://pith.science/pith/UG4EF7WRNRMTXDD22ANYS5O4MW","download_json":"https://pith.science/pith/UG4EF7WRNRMTXDD22ANYS5O4MW.json","view_paper":"https://pith.science/paper/UG4EF7WR","resolve_alias":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/resolve?arxiv=2106.00111&json=true","fetch_graph":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/UG4EF7WRNRMTXDD22ANYS5O4MW/graph.json","fetch_events":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/UG4EF7WRNRMTXDD22ANYS5O4MW/events.json","actions":{"anchor_timestamp":"https://pith.science/pith/UG4EF7WRNRMTXDD22ANYS5O4MW/action/timestamp_anchor","attest_storage":"https://pith.science/pith/UG4EF7WRNRMTXDD22ANYS5O4MW/action/storage_attestation","attest_author":"https://pith.science/pith/UG4EF7WRNRMTXDD22ANYS5O4MW/action/author_attestation","sign_citation":"https://pith.science/pith/UG4EF7WRNRMTXDD22ANYS5O4MW/action/citation_signature","submit_replication":"https://pith.science/pith/UG4EF7WRNRMTXDD22ANYS5O4MW/action/replication_record"}},"created_at":"2026-07-05T03:34:26.361123+00:00","updated_at":"2026-07-05T03:34:26.361123+00:00"}